Fundamental studies of lead acid cells

Casson, P.; Hampson, N.A.; Peters, Kenneth E.

doi:10.1016/s0022-0728(77)80502-0

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The main charge reaction corresponded to the oxidation of the lead sulfate to lead dioxide, which reaction included a complex nucleation and crystal growth process. These experiments were made using a lead plate (9,11,12) or the lead dioxide electrodeposited on a platinum (10) or a gold plate (17). Ekdunge et aI.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Effect of the Sulfuric Acid Concentration on the Oxidation of PbSO4 to PbO2

Takehara

Kanamura

1987

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The effect of the concentration of sulfuric acid solution on the charge reaction rate of the positive electrode in a leadacid battery was investigated by a use of lead sulfate formed on a gold plate. The oxidation current of lead sulfate to lead dioxide depended on the sulfuric acid concentration strongly. The oxidation rate was considered to depend on both the reaction interface area and the charge transfer rate at the reaction site. The reaction interface area changed similarly in the various sulfuric acid concentrations used in this study. From this fact, it seemed that the oxidation rate of lead sulfate was determined from the charge transfer reaction rate. The charge transfer reaction rate in 0.5M H2SO4 was the largest of five sulfuric acid solutions.

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confidence: 99%

The Effect of the Sulfuric Acid Concentration on the Oxidation of PbSO4 to PbO2

Takehara

Kanamura

1987

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…[16][17][18][19][20][21][22] However, from the data in Fig. 2, we believe that PbO 2 electrocrystallization is not a slow step in the pulse charge.…”

Section: Mass Transfer Of O Atoms In Pulse Charge-many Authors Havementioning

confidence: 84%

“…18 into Eq. 17 and obtain [19] To simplify Eq. 19, we calculate the difference of the following two series [20] where "ϩ" is for on-time and "Ϫ" for off-time.…”

Section: Mass Transfer Of O Atoms In Pulse Charge-many Authors Havementioning

confidence: 99%

Rate‐Determining Step Investigations of Oxidation Processes at the Positive Plate during Pulse Charge of Valve‐Regulated Lead‐Acid Batteries

Guo

Groiss

Döring

et al. 1999

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In order to develop electric vehicles (EVs), electrochemical scientists and engineers have paid great attention to the study of batteries in recent years. Now, while new types of batteries are still in development, the valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery is a near-term candidate for EV applications in mass markets. 1 A key usage issue is the possibility of fast recharge. More recently, much work has been carried out on pulse charging of lead-acid batteries. 2-7 The recharge time for valve-regulated lead-acid batteries has been reduced and is now less than 5, 15, and 240 min for 50, 80, and 100% charge. However, many other problems arise from pulse charging such as reduced cycle life of the battery, corrosion of the positive-electrode grid, loss of electrolyte, and thermal management. To enhance the pulse charging of a VRLA battery, it is important to understand the detailed processes during the charge. Therefore, attention has to be paid to the kinetics of important processes during pulse charging. Although many papers have reported on the mechanism of the oxidation processes at the PbSO 4 /PbO 2 electrode and the positive plate, 8-29 this remains a subject of research. It is necessary to study further the electrode kinetics of the positive plate in VRLA batteries under pulse charging conditions. Experimental The tested battery was a 2 V 4.2 Ah VRLA battery with gel electrolyte, produced by Sonnenschein Lead-Acid Battery Company. The pulse charge system, controlled by a computer, is a self-made system. The maximum output current and voltage are 100 A and 10 V, respectively. The rise time of the analog circuit is less than 1 s/A. The control period of the digital circuit is 2 ms. The internal pressures of the gas in the battery were measured by a pressure sensor. The relative pressures of oxygen and hydrogen were measured with a micropipette of 0.5 mm internal diam and 8 cm length, which linked the battery to a quadripole mass spectrometer (Balzers QMS 402). All potentials were measured vs. a Hg/Hg 2 SO 4 /H 2 SO 4 (sp gr 1.28) reference electrode, which was linked to the battery by a proton-conducting polymer bridge. The infrared (IR)-corrected potentials were measured by imposing an instantaneous open circuit. Different interactive pulse charging and discharge/constant-voltage procedures were used, and the current profiles are shown in Fig. 1. Their average current was 15.5 A. The maximum limit voltage with IR compensation was 2.45 V at 25ЊC and it is also compensated by a temperature coefficient with Ϫ4.5 mV/ЊC, to avoid thermal runaway of the VRLA battery. To simulate the situation of a large battery, the test battery was thermally isolated. Literature StudyDuring recent decades, both oxygen evolution and the oxidation of PbSO 4 to PbO 2 have been studied extensively on solid Pb electrodes and on the positive plates of lead-acid batteries. Different models for the kinetics of both reactions have been put forward.A model with hydration structure carried out much work on the kinetic processes of the PbSO 4...

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“…The working electrodes were prepared from cast and aged alloys as these best represented conventional industrial practice: their compositions are shown in Table I. The construction of the electrodes used in this study is as described previously (2,3), except that the surface areas of the electrodes were increased to 0.2 cm'-'. The electrolyte used in all the experiments was deoxygenated 5M H.,SO4 and was prepared from Analar-grade reagents and to initiate PbO~ formation, then potentiodynamically cy- cled between the lead sulfate and lead dioxide potential region to produce a thick layer of PbO~ (10h = 1400 cycles).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%