Fundamental movement skills of six- to seven-year-old children in the first grade of elementary school: A pilot study

Abstract

Open Access License:This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. abstract BackgroundThe aim of the study was to determine fundamental movement skills of elementary school first-graders and to seek whether fundamental movement skills correlate with the pupils' age and gender. Material/MethodsThe study involved students in the first grade of elementary school in Krosno. The study was conducted at the beginning of the 2015/2016 school year. A total of 98 pupils (43 girls and 55 boys) aged six and seven were tested, using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2nd Edition. ResultsThe study showed that the results of fundamental movement skills depend on the children's age and gender. Older girls achieved better results in locomotor and object control skills than six-year-old girls. The analysis revealed that boys achieved better scores than girls in the object control skills subtest. ConclusionsThe findings of this study demonstrated that the results can serve as an argument in the debate on the validity of reducing the school age in Poland. Understanding the importance of fundamental movement skills and awareness of irregularities in motor skills may help to prevent children's later school problems.

Global levels of fundamental motor skills in children: A systematic review

“…Table 1 presents the selected characteristics of eligible studies included in this review. Forty-two studies were published between 2015 and 2019 (Adamo et al, 2016;Antunes et al, 2016;Aye et al, 2018Aye et al, , 2017Balaban, 2018;Bardid et al, 2016;Barnett et al, 2015;Bolger et al, 2018;Cano-Cappellacci et al, 2015;Cenizo Benjumea et al, 2017;Chan et al, 2018;Clark et al, 2018;Crane et al, 2017;Dos Santos et al, 2016;Field & Temple, 2017;Freitas et al, 2015;Hall et al, 2018;Henrique et al, 2016;Invernizzi et al, 2019;Johnstone et al, 2017;Khodaverdi et al, 2016;Kit et al, 2017;Korbecki et al, 2017;Liong et al, 2015;De Meester et al, 2016;Miklánková, 2018;Miller et al, 2015;Mukherjee et al, 2017;Pienaar et al, 2015;Du Plessis et al, 2015;Rudd et al, 2017Rudd et al, , 2016Da Silva et al, 2017;Slykerman et al, 2016;Tomaz et al, 2019;Valentini et al, 2016;Yang et al, 2015), nineteen between 2010 and 2014 (Bakhtiar, 2014;Bakhtiari et al, 2011;…”

“…Studies selected for inclusion were drawn from 25 different countries across six continents. Ten studies were carried out in the United States (Brian et al, 2017;Butterfield et al, 2012;Grant-Beuttler et al, 2017;Kit et al, 2017;Logan, Robinson, Getchell et al, 2011;Logan et al, 2014;De Meester et al, 2016;Robinson, Wadsworth et al, 2012;Robinson, Webster et al, 2012), nine in Australia (L Barnett et al, 2013;Barnett et al, 2015;Cliff et al, 2009;Hardy et al, 2010;Liong et al, 2015;Miller et al, 2015;Rudd et al, 2017Rudd et al, , 2016Slykerman et al, 2016), six in China (AKY Wong & Cheung, 2006;Capio et al, 2013;Chan et al, 2018;KYA Wong & Yin Cheung, 2010;, five in Brazil (Henrique et al, 2016;Da Silva et al, 2017;Spessato, Gabbard, Robinson et al, 2013;Valentini et al, 2016), four in Canada (Adamo et al, 2016;Crane et al, 2017;Field & Temple, 2017;LeGear et al, 2012) and the Czech Republic (Balaban, 2018;Cepicka, 2010;Miklánková, 2018;, three in Portugal (Antunes et al, 2016;Dos Santos et al, 2016; Invernizzi et al, 2019;Khodaverdi et al, 2016;Kit et al, 2017;Korbe...…”

“…The sample sizes for the studies ranged from 14 (Robinson, Webster et al, 2012) to 2674 children (Valentini et al, 2016). Nineteen had a sample size <100 (Adamo et al, 2016;Aye et al, 2017;Bakhtiar, 2014;Bakhtiari et al, 2011;Cano-Cappellacci et al, 2015;Clark et al, 2018;Cliff et al, 2009;Grant-Beuttler et al, 2017;Korbecki et al, 2017;Logan, Robinson, Getchell et al, 2011;Logan et al, 2014;Miklánková, 2018;Robinson, Wadsworth et al, 2012;Robinson, Webster et al, 2012;Da Silva et al, 2017;Zuvela et al, 2011). Fourteen studies had a sample size between 100-199 children (Antunes et al, 2016;Barnett et al, 2015;Butterfield et al, 2012;Hall et al, 2018;Invernizzi et al, 2019;Johnstone et al, 2017;Kim et al, 2014;Kordi et al, 2012;Liong et al, 2015;Miller et al, 2015;Rudd et al, 2016;Slykerman et al, 2016;Spessato, Gabbard, Robinson et al, 2013) while 31 had a sample size ≥200 (AKY Wong & Cheung, 2006;Aye et al, 2018;Balaban, 2018;Bardid et al, 2016;Bolger et al, 2018;Capio et al, 2013;…”

“…Fifty-five studies tested all 12 skills of the TGMD-2 (Adamo et al, 2016;AKY Wong & Cheung, 2006;Antunes et al, 2016;Bakhtiar, 2014;Bakhtiari et al, 2011;Balaban, 2018;Bardid et al, 2016;Bolger et al, 2018;Cano-Cappellacci et al, 2015;Cenizo Benjumea et al, 2017;Cepicka, 2010;Chan et al, 2018;Clark et al, 2018;Cliff et al, 2009;Crane et al, 2017;Field & Temple, 2017;Freitas et al, 2015;Grant-Beuttler et al, Kit et al, 2017;Korbecki et al, 2017;Kordi et al, 2012;KYA Wong & Yin Cheung, 2010;LeGear et al, 2012;Liong et al, 2015;Logan, Robinson, Getchell et al, 2011;Logan et al, 2014;De Meester et al, 2016;Miklánková, 2018;Mukherjee et al, 2017;Robinson, Wadsworth et al, 2012;Robinson, Webster et al, 2012;Rudd et al, 2017Rudd et al, , 2016Da Silva et al, 2017;Slykerman et al, 2016;Spessato, Gabbard, Robinson et al, 2013;Tomaz et al, 2019;Valentini et al, 2016;Yang et al, 2015;Zuvela et al,...…”

“…coders) ranged from one (AKY Wong & Cheung, 2006;Cliff et al, 2009;Crane et al, 2017;Field & Temple, 2017;Logan, Robinson, Getchell et al, 2011;Miller et al, 2015;Robinson, Wadsworth et al, 2012;Robinson, Webster et al, 2012) to eight (Chan et al, 2018). The use of two coders was the most commonly reported scoring protocol selected (Adamo et al, 2016;Barnett et al, 2015;Bolger et al, 2018;Butterfield et al, 2012;Cano-Cappellacci et al, 2015;Clark et al, 2018;Grant-Beuttler et al, 2017;Hall et al, 2018;Henrique et al, Da Tomaz et al, 2019), while seven studies used three coders Kim et al, 2014;Korbecki et al, 2017;Spessato, Gabbard, Robinson et al, 2013;Valentini et al, 2016) and five studies used four coders (L Barnett et al, 2013;Capio et al, 2013;KYA Wong & Yin Cheung, 2010;Yang et al, 2015). The remaining 22 studies did not report the number of coders used (Antunes et al, 2016;Aye et al, 2017;Bakhtiar, 2014;Bakhtiari et al, 2011;Balaban, 2018;Bardid et al, 2016;Cenizo Benjumea et al, 2017;Cepicka, 2010;Dos Santos et al, 2016;Freitas et...…”