Functions and applications of metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles in orthopedic implants and scaffolds

Abstract

Bone defects and diseases are devastating, and can lead to severe functional deficits or even permanent disability. Nevertheless, orthopedic implants and scaffolds can facilitate the growth of incipient bone and help us to treat bone defects and diseases. Currently, a wide range of biomaterials with distinct biocompatibility, biodegradability, porosity, and mechanical strength is used in bone-related research. However, most orthopedic implants and scaffolds have certain limitations and diverse complications, such as limited corrosion resistance, low cell proliferation, and bacterial adhesion. With recent advancements in materials science and nanotechnology, metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles have become the subject of significant interest as they offer an ample variety of options to resolve the existing problems in the orthopedic industry. More importantly, these nanoparticles possess unique physicochemical and mechanical properties not found in conventional materials, and can be incorporated into orthopedic implants and scaffolds to enhance their antimicrobial ability, bioactive molecular delivery, mechanical strength, osteointegration, and cell labeling and imaging. However, many metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles can also be toxic to nearby cells and tissues. This review article will discuss the applications and functions of metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles in orthopedic implants and bone tissue engineering.

Antioxidants: Classification, Natural Sources, Activity/Capacity Measurements, and Usefulness for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles

“…[ 366 ]. Metallic/metal oxide nanoparticles, i.e., silver, gold, magnesium, titanium, zinc, aluminum, tantalum, and zirconium have been tested in orthopedics [ 367 , 368 , 369 , 370 ]. Nanoparticles embedded in implants and orthopedic scaffolds provide mechanical strength and antimicrobial protection.…”

Green Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Phlomis Leaf Extract: Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Properties

“…Both metal and metal oxide nanoparticles exhibit substantial antioxidant and antibacterial properties and are frequently used in the detection of pathogenic microorganisms and in the diagnosis of cancer progression [12][13][14]. At low concentrations, metal oxide nanoparticles such as zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), and magnesium (Mg) oxide nanoparticles limit microbial development [15][16][17]. Optical and structural properties of ZnO thin films produced by magnetron sputtering have been established in several studies [18], whereas several chemical techniques have been used for the synthesis of CdS nanoparticles using novel surfactants as stabilizing agents [19].…”

Insight into the Antibacterial Activity of Selected Metal Nanoparticles and Alterations within the Antioxidant Defence System in Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus epidermidis

“…For instance, inorganic NMs based on metal and metal oxides have been utilised in biomedical implant materials, such as dental implants, through their application on the implant surfaces as nanocoatings or as an integral part of the material. Consecutively, this could prevent the origin and further development of infections in the place of implant insertion, increasing the chance of successful surgeries [4][5][6]. On the other hand, the release of such NMs into the environment is a potential threat to microbial populations that are not a target of their 2 of 22 action.…”