Functionally graded polymeric materials: A brif review of current fabrication methods and introduction of a novel fabrication method

Almasi, Davood; Sadeghi, Maliheh; Lau, Woei Jye; Roozbahani, Fatemeh; Iqbal, Nida

doi:10.1016/j.msec.2016.03.053

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…FGMs were initially classified by researchers under conventional composite materials depending upon the used combinations of constituents [17]. There exist many possible material combinations that can be used to produce FGMs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functionally graded materials classifications and development trends from industrial point of view

2019

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Over the last few years, many classifications have been proposed for functionally graded materials (FGMs). In this Paper, critical review of different available classifications for FGM based on their physical, structural and manufacturing characteristics are presented. Advantages and limitations of each fabrication method for use in a given application is correspondingly considered. In addition, new classifications based on gradation control and accuracy, residual stresses, specific energy consumption, environmental impact evaluated throughout the complete life cycle and manufacturing costs are proposed. These classifications mainly reflect the needs of both FGM designers and industrial manufacturers. Based upon the presented classifications and the recent advances in analysis and production techniques, new major directions for FGMs research are proposed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Metal-metal, metal-ceramic, ceramic-ceramic or ceramic-polymer [18] are the most common as shown in Fig. 3 [17,19]. Over time, and because of the development of more applications and technologies to produce FGMs at different scales, different classifications appeared.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionally graded materials classifications and development trends from industrial point of view

2019

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“…For example, Xu's group produced gradient hydrogels by dispersing the charged clay and graphene oxide in the acrylamide monomer using an electrophoresis method. Almasi obtained the gradient tetracycline (TC)/polylactic acid film with TC concentration changing gradually along the film thickness direction by applying electrophoresis to the polymeric solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These fabrication methods can be generally classified in two main groups. In the first group, PGMs were produced by using homogeneous suspension or polymer solution that normally contains components of different densities or hydrophobicities . In the second group, the gradient structure was built up by layer‐by‐layer technology including laser sintering, plasma sintering, 3D printing, fused deposition, compression molding, and solution coating .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric field‐driven preparation of elastomer/plastic nanoparticles gradient films with enhanced damping property

Fang

Zhao

Liu

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Polymeric gradient film consisting of the plastic nanoparticles in addition to an elastomer matrix was created by driving the charged sulfonated polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix under direct‐current electric field. The gradient morphology was frozen by thermal curing. The morphology, composition, damping, and mechanical properties of cured PS/PDMS gradient film containing 10 wt % of PS nanoparticles were measured with scanning electron microscopy, energy‐disperse spectroscopy, and dynamic thermal mechanic analysis and tensile test, respectively. In comparison with the isotropic PS/PDMS film, the gradient film shows a better damping property, and a higher tensile strength and elongation at breaking. The interpretation in terms of deformation and fracture mechanism of gradient structure was proposed. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48401.

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“…8 Functionally graded materials are composite materials with the composition and configuration that are controlled and graded to achieve the desired function. 9 Bottino et al 10 reported the design of a functionally graded membrane (FGM) that was composed of a core layer to provide the required mechanical properties and bioactivity, an outer electrospun layer to provide antimicrobial activity, and an inner electrospun layer to mimic the bone matrix. 10 Although the design of FGM is often biologically inspired, the in vivo biocompatibility as well as the clinical feasibility of FGM in periodontal or dentoalveolar regeneration have rarely been reported and should be further explored.…”

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confidence: 99%

PDGF-metronidazole-encapsulated nanofibrous functional layers on collagen membrane promote alveolar ridge regeneration

Ho¹,

Chang²,

Chang³

et al. 2017

IJN

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This study aimed to develop a functionally graded membrane (FGM) to prevent infection and promote tissue regeneration. Poly( l -lactide-co- d , l -lactide) encapsulating platelet-derived growth factor (PDLLA-PDGF) or metronidazole (PDLLA-MTZ) was electrospun to form a nanofibrous layer on the inner or outer surface of a clinically available collagen membrane, respectively. The membrane was characterized for the morphology, molecule release profile, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility, and preclinical efficiency for alveolar ridge regeneration. The PDLLA-MTZ and PDLLA-PDGF nanofibers were 800–900 nm in diameter, and the thicknesses of the functional layers were 20–30 μm, with sustained molecule release over 28 days. All of the membranes tested were compatible with cell survival in vitro and showed good tissue integration with minimal fibrous capsule formation or inflammation. Cell proliferation was especially prominent on the PDLLA-PDGF layer in vivo. On the alveolar ridge, all FGMs reduced wound dehiscence compared with the control collagen membrane, and the FGM with PDLLA-PDGF promoted osteogenesis significantly. In conclusion, the FGMs with PDLLA-PDGF and PDLLA-MTZ showed high biocompatibility and facilitated wound healing compared with conventional membrane, and the FGM with PDLLA-PDGF enhanced alveolar ridge regeneration in vivo. The design represents a beneficial modification, which may be easily adapted for future clinical use.

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Functionally graded polymeric materials: A brif review of current fabrication methods and introduction of a novel fabrication method

Cited by 31 publications

References 49 publications

Functionally graded materials classifications and development trends from industrial point of view

Functionally graded materials classifications and development trends from industrial point of view

Electric field‐driven preparation of elastomer/plastic nanoparticles gradient films with enhanced damping property

PDGF-metronidazole-encapsulated nanofibrous functional layers on collagen membrane promote alveolar ridge regeneration

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