Functionally graded materials and processing techniques: An art of review

Sarathchandra, D.T.; Subbu, S. Kanmani; Venkaiah, N.

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.536

Cited by 49 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) are advanced composite materials characterized by variations in composition and/or microstructure along the entire piece, with the aim to obtain specific properties in different areas of the part [1,2]. The gradual variation of composition and/or microstructure along the FGM volume permit differentiated responses to an applied solicitation [3,4]. The microstructural variation in the volume of metallic FGM is due to the presence of two or more phases metallurgical bonded to each other.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FGM parts may be produced by different methods such as gas–based methods, liquid–phase methods and solid–phase methods, while metallic FGMs are commonly obtained by casting techniques (centrifugal casting, squeeze casting, gravity casting) [1,2,3,4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent FGM research [10] has been focused on several classes of materials and production processes such as chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, additive manufacturing and casting methods [11]. For example, FGMs in SiC–Al alloy can be used for Diesel engine piston and brakes, while FGMs made of epoxy resin–glass are used for sonar domes in sub–marine applications [3]. The use of aluminum alloys is particularly common for the automotive sector.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Junction Characterization in a Functionally Graded Aluminum Part

et al. 2019

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Aluminum alloys are widely used to produce automotive components, thanks to their great mechanical properties–to–density ratio. Engine components such as pistons are conventionally produced by casting of Al–Si eutectic alloys (Silumin alloys) such as EN AC 48000. Due to the harsh working conditions and the lower ductility if compared to aluminum–silicon alloys with lower silicon content, pistons made of this alloy are prone to fatigue failures in the skirt region. In order to overcome such limits, the use of a Functionally Graded Material (FGM) in the production of a piston is proposed. The adoption of a functionally graded architecture can maximize the properties of the component in specific areas. A higher level of thermal resistance in the crown of the piston can be achieved with EN AC 48000 (AlSi12CuNiMg), while higher elongation at rupture in the skirt region would be conferred by an EN AC 42100 (AlSi9Mg0.3). The FGM properties are strictly related to the metallurgical bonding between the alloys as well as to the presence of intermetallic phases in the alloys junction. In the present article, the characterization of gravity casted FGM samples based on Al–Si alloys with respect to microstructure and mechanical testing is presented, with a specific focus on the characterization by impact testing of the joint between the two alloys.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Junction Characterization in a Functionally Graded Aluminum Part

et al. 2019

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“…Functionally graded materials (FGM) are technically applied materials, characterized by a graded variation of the chemical composition and/or the microstructure and/or the material properties [1]. The use of functionally graded materials opens up a wide range of possible applications, and it is an area that has been characterized by continuous research and further development [2][3][4]. The aim here is to manufacture workpieces that are locally adapted to their loads, thus allowing a significantly more efficient operation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Multiwire Technology with Alternating Wire Feed for Tailor-Made Material Properties in Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing

Reisgen

Sharma

Oster

2019

Metals

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Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is one of the most promising technologies for large-scale 3D printing of metal parts. Besides the high deposition rates, one of the advantages of WAAM is the possibility of using in situ alloying to modify the chemical composition and therefore the material properties of the fabricated workpiece. This can be achieved by feeding multiple wires of different chemical compositions into the molten pool of the welding process and generating a new alloy during the manufacturing process itself. At present, the chemical composition is changed stepwise by keeping the wire feed speeds per layer constant. This article describes the possibilities of generating chemically graded structures by constantly alternating the wire feed speeds of a multiwire WAAM process. This enables the chemical composition to be smoothly changed during the printing process, and generating structures with highly complex material properties. Several material combinations for different possible applications were successfully tested. Furthermore, grading strategies to avoid negative influences of low-ductility intermetallic phases were examined. The results show that low-ductility phases may even have a beneficial influence on the fracture behavior if they are combined with ductile phases. Moreover, prospective possible applications are discussed.

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“…(iii) FGM coating can be used for connecting materials and eliminating endpoint and interface stresses. (iv) FGM coating not only enhances the strength of connections, as but it can also reduce the crack driving force [16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Functionally Graded Bronze Matrix Ceramic Reinforced Composite Materials

Islak

Abushraida²

2019

Sakarya University Journal of Science

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In this study, ceramic reinforced bronze matrix functionally graded materials (FGMs) were produced by using powder metallurgy method. B4C, TiC, Mo2C and SiC were selected as ceramic reinforcements. The samples with compositions bronze + 10% SiC, bronze + 10% B4C, bronze + 10% Mo2C, and bronze + 10% TiC were sintered at 750 °C for 90 minutes. Investigations were carried out to assess the mechanical properties and microstructures of specimens. For this purpose, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were applied for microstructure investigations. Sample hardness testing was carried out with the help of Vickers hardness testing device. Composite layers of ceramic particles were homogeneously distributed. Little pore formation was observed. While the upper and lower composite layers of the FGMs produced were hard, the middle layer was found to be ductile. The highest hardness value was reached in the B4C reinforced FGM.

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Functionally graded materials and processing techniques: An art of review

Cited by 49 publications

References 18 publications

Junction Characterization in a Functionally Graded Aluminum Part

Junction Characterization in a Functionally Graded Aluminum Part

Plasma Multiwire Technology with Alternating Wire Feed for Tailor-Made Material Properties in Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing

Characterization of Functionally Graded Bronze Matrix Ceramic Reinforced Composite Materials

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