Functionalized maghemite superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (γ-Fe2O3-SPIONs)-amylase enzyme hybrid in biofuel production

Abstract

The current study describes a straightforward, biologically and environmentally friendly method for creating magnetic iron oxide (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles. We report here that the Bacillus subtilis SE05 strain, isolated from offshore formation water near Zaafarana, the Red Sea, Hurghada, Egypt, can produce highly magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles of the maghemite type (γ-Fe2O3). To the best of our knowledge, the ability of this bacterium to reduce Fe2O3 has yet to be demonstrated. As a result, this study reports on the fabrication of enzyme-NPs and the biological immobilization of α-amylase on a solid support. The identified strain was deposited in GenBank with accession number MT422787. The bacterial cells used for the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles produced about 15.2 g of dry weight, which is considered a high quantity compared to the previous studies. The XRD pattern revealed the crystalline cubic spinel structure of γ-Fe2O3. TEM micrographs showed the spherically shaped IONPs had an average size of 7.68 nm. Further, the importance of protein-SPION interaction and the successful synthesis of stabilized SPIONs in the amylase enzyme hybrid system are also mentioned. The system showed the applicability of these nanomaterials in biofuel production, which demonstrated significant production (54%) compared to the free amylase enzyme (22%). Thus, it is predicted that these nanoparticles can be used in energy fields.

Advancements in enzyme immobilization on magnetic nanomaterials: toward sustainable industrial applications

“…Mössbauer spectroscopy, a precise technique, is used to study the local structure of Fe and provides detailed information about the composition. 192,237 Mössbauer spectroscopy, a precise technique, is used to investigate the local structure of Fe, providing detailed information about the composition. 238 While giving a screening approach, Raman spectroscopy does not determine the exact amount of Fe 3 O 4 , a capability that Mössbauer spectroscopy has.…”

“… 178 Higher M s indicates superparamagnetic activity, 191 which is characterized by low coercivity ( H ci ) and retentivity ( M r ). 192 Superparamagnetism and high M s allow reactor operation at relatively high flow rates and effective biocatalyst recovery. 185 However, magnetic properties can be reduced after modification and enzyme immobilization due to the presence of non-magnetic nanomaterials.…”

Recent Advances in Enzyme Immobilisation Strategies: An Overview of Techniques and Composite Carriers

“…The unique properties of nanomaterials have led to extensive research and exploration in various fields, including enzyme immobilisation and stabilisation. Enzyme immobilisation using nanomaterials as a carrier has a racted recent a ention because of good On the other hand, the most widely used inorganic materials are hydroxyapatite [96], gold [97,98], iron oxide [99], zirconia [100], titania [101,102], silica [103][104][105][106][107], silver [108,109], zinc oxide [110], alumina [111], celite [112], and inorganic clays [113]. The most recently studied enzyme carriers include graphene-based nanomaterials [114][115][116], metalorganirameworks (MOFs) [117][118][119][120][121][122][123], and covalent organic frameworks [124][125][126][127][128][129].…”