Treatment of Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders still remains a major
clinical challenge. The Blood-brain-barrier (BBB), known as the major hindrance,
greatly limits therapeutics penetration into the brain. Moreover, even though
some therapeutics can cross BBB based on their intrinsic properties or
via the use of proper nanoscale delivery vehicles, their
therapeutic efficacy is still often limited without the specific uptake of drugs
by the cancer or disease-associated cells. As more studies have started to
elucidate the pathological roles of major cells in the CNS (for example,
microglia, neurons, and astrocytes) for different disorders, nanomedicines that
can enable targeting of specific cells in these diseases may provide great
potential to boost efficacy. In this review, we aim to briefly cover the
pathological roles of endothelial cells, microglia, tumor-associated
microglia/macrophage, neurons, astrocytes, and glioma in CNS disorders and to
highlight the recent advances in nanomedicines that can target specific
disease-associated cells. Furthermore, we summarized some strategies employed in
nanomedicine to achieve specific cell targeting or to enhance the drug
neuroprotective effects in the CNS. The specific targeting at the cellular level
by nanotherapy can be a more precise and effective means not only to enhance the
drug availability but also to reduce side effects.