Functionalization of Hydrocolloids: Principal Component Analysis Applied to the Study of Correlations Between Parameters Describing the Consistency of Hydrogels

Abstract

This work was part of a pure research project on the functionalization of three families of hydrocolloids: cellulose derivatives, carrageenates, and alginates. Principal component analysis (PCA), a powerful statistical method, was used to demonstrate the relations existing among these different parameters that describe the consistency of hydrogels and their spreadability. This approach therefore provides a basis for modeling hydrogel consistency. PCA also afforded a classification of hydrogels that demonstrated the remarkable adhesiveness of very stiff gels based on cellulose derivatives and sodium or potassium alginates. The corresponding semi-fluid gels and all the gels based on carrageenates and mixed sodium-calcium alginates, whatever their spreadability, were found to be very poorly adhesive. Generalized to all the many colloids currently marketed, this approach can be used to set up a databank for the formulation of mucoadhesive excipients.

Effects of Lipids and Emulsifiers on the Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Cosmetic Emulsions Containing Vitamin E

“…These results pointed out that the different lipophilicity of oils and emulsifiers could not account for the obtained S values, suggesting that ingredients' interactions occurring in the emulsion structure could determine different textures, which affected formulation spreadability. Other authors reported a linear relationship between viscosity and spreadability for topical formulations [24,25] as the lower the viscosity of a cream, the lower the surface tension and the higher the spreadability on the skin. The lack of a relationship between emulsions' viscosity and in vitro spreadability observed in our study could be due to the method we chose to perform in vitro spreadability measurements.…”

Carbopol hydrogel/sorbitan monostearate-almond oil based organogel biphasic formulations: Preparation and characterization of the bigels

“…The diameters of resulting circles (ɸ) were 38.0 ± 1.0 mm and 37.3 ± 0.6 mm for BG20 and BG30, respectively. In a study on various oil-in-water creams and gels, Arvouet-Grand et al [20] and later Lardy et al [21] introduce the terms 'semistiff' and 'semi-fluid' to evaluate the spreadability of creams and gels. According to both classifications, BG20 and BG30 are semi-stiff formulations, because the established (ɸ) was ≤ 50 mm.…”

“…The spread diameter (ɸ) was measured after 1 min [19][20][21]. The measurements were performed three times and the results were recorded as the mean ± SD [5].…”

Ketoprofen-loaded polymer carriers in bigel formulation: an approach to enhancing drug photostability in topical application forms

“…The spread diameter (Φ) was measured after 1 min. [29][30][31][32] The measurements were done 3 times, and the results were represented as a mean value ± SD.…”