Functionalization of char derived from pyrolysis of metallised food packaging plastics waste and its application as a filler in fiberglass/epoxy composites

Yousef, Samy; Eimontas, Justas; Subadra, Sharath P.; Striūgas, Nerijus

doi:10.1016/j.psep.2021.01.009

Cited by 26 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Despite the complexity of MFPW, the thermogravimetric analysis showed that all these layers decompose together in the form of single reaction and can simulate their pyrolysis kinetic parameters using the model-free methods [19], while the upscaling pyrolysis process succeeded in converting it into wax, gas, and char mixed with metal fraction (alumina element) [20]. In addition, char can be used as a filler in fiberglass/epoxy composites after refining it with the help of chemical treatment [21]. Although the results are promising in terms of conversion rate, smaller emission, and better economic performance, the whole volatile matter content was not extracted in the optimal form, in particular oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Pyrolysis Kinetic Behavior and TG-FTIR-GC–MS Analysis of Metallized Food Packaging Plastics with Different Concentrations of ZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst

et al. 2021

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Recently, the pyrolysis process has been adapted as a sustainable strategy to convert metallized food packaging plastics waste (MFPW) into energy products (paraffin wax, biogas, and carbon black particles) and to recover aluminum. Usually, catalysts are used in pyrolysis treatment to refine pyrolysis products and to increase their yield. In order to study the effect of a catalyst on the formulated volatile products, this work aims to study the pyrolysis behavior of MFPW in presence of catalyst, using TG-FTIR-GC–MS system. The pyrolysis experiments were conducted with ZSM-5 Zeolite catalyst with different concentrations (10, 30, and 50 wt.%) at different heating rates (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C/min). In addition, TG-FTIR system and GC-MS unit were used to observe and analyze the thermal and chemical degradation of the obtained volatile compounds at maximum decomposition peaks. In addition, the kinetic results of catalytic pyrolysis of ZSM-5/MFPW samples matched when model-free methods, a distributed activation energy model (DAEM), and an independent parallel reaction kinetic model (IPR) were used. The TGA-DTG results showed that addition of a catalyst did not have a significant effect on the features of the TGA-DTG curves with similar weight loss of 87–90 wt.% (without taking the weight of the catalyst into account). Meanwhile, FTIR results manifested strong presence of methane and high-intensity functional group of carboxylic acid residues, especially at high concentration of ZSM-5 and high heating rates. Likewise, GC-MS measurements showed that Benzene, Toluene, Hexane, p-Xylene, etc. compounds (main flammable liquid compounds in petroleum oil) generated catalysts exceeding 50%. Finally, pyrolysis kinetics showed that the whole activation energies of catalytic pyrolysis process of MFPW were estimated at 289 kJ/mol and 110, 350, and 174 kJ/mol for ZSM-5/MFPW samples (10, 30, and 50 wt.%, respectively), whereas DAEM and IPR approaches succeeded to simulate TGA and DTG profiles with deviations below <1.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Pyrolysis Kinetic Behavior and TG-FTIR-GC–MS Analysis of Metallized Food Packaging Plastics with Different Concentrations of ZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst

et al. 2021

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“…Epoxy as Filler or Matrix for Polymer Composites DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102448 chemical engineering [27], civil engineering [28], food industry [29], etc. Epoxy resins are part of the family of monomeric or oligomeric materials with excellent electrical insulation properties and extraordinary resistance to corrosion [30].…”

Section: Epoxy Typementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Epoxy resins are utilized in various applications due to their outstanding properties and versatile nature [25,29,31]. Epoxy resins can form into thermoset or photosensitive resins, which are determined by reaction conditions and curing agents [32,33].…”

Section: Epoxy Functions and Advantagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the tailoring of cross-linkers and modifiers are critical in the steady growth rate of epoxy resins considering their further functionality. Because of the poor toughness, researchers explored and developed several strategies to improve the toughness of epoxy resins: (i) change in the chemical structure to make them more flexible [38], (ii) increase in the molecular weight [39], (iii) decrease in the cross-linking density [40], (iv) addition of a tougher phase, and (v) addition of fibers [29].…”

Section: Epoxy Functions and Advantagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epoxy as Filler or Matrix for Polymer Composites

Zhao¹,

Lu²,

Li³

et al. 2022

Epoxy-Based Composites

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Epoxy is a widely used polymer because of its ease of processing, high adhesiveness, and high chemical resistance. Epoxy-based composites are commonly used in aerospace, automotive, and marine applications. The epoxy type, function, curing agent, and curing process are discussed in this chapter. Epoxy is used as either a filler or polymer matrix in composite applications. As a filler, the epoxy modification on the fiber is discussed. As a polymer matrix, the epoxy is reinforced by natural and synthetic fibers. The manufacturing process and the fabricated epoxy-based composites’ performance (e.g., mechanical and thermal properties) are investigated. The advantages and disadvantages of epoxy’s function are discussed and summarized. Epoxy modification is an effective approach to improve the composites’ performance.

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“…Epoxy resin (ES) is widely used in the external insulation of power equipment, 1,2 electronic devices 3,4 and similar applications due to its excellent insulating properties, mechanical performance, temperature resistance, and so forth. However, ES is an intrinsically hard and brittle material due to its crosslinked molecular structure and curing stress, and suffers from microcracks and defects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Healable epoxy‐based dielectric semi‐interpenetrating networks with different degrees of cross‐linking

Sun

Luo

Zhang

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This study concerns thermal stimulated healable epoxy-based semiinterpenetrating networks (semi-IPNs). The crosslinking degree was adjusted using different curing agents to demonstrate its influence on healability. In addition to tensile properties, this study focuses on the influence of healing efficiency on dielectric performance, especially leakage current, following mechanical damage. We propose that there exists an inverse relationship between the degree of crosslinking degree and healing. A maximum healing efficiency of 93% is obtained calculated from volume resistivity change. We find that the variable T g of the semi-IPN crosslinking network based on epoxy resin, rather than the variable T m of the thermoplastic, determines the temperature boundary for healing. We further suggest that the healing efficiency could be influenced simultaneously by the network structure and the quantity of poly(ε-caprolactone). These results suggest that semi-IPNs can be used to develop healable insulating materials for electrical applications.

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Functionalization of char derived from pyrolysis of metallised food packaging plastics waste and its application as a filler in fiberglass/epoxy composites

Cited by 26 publications

References 60 publications

Catalytic Pyrolysis Kinetic Behavior and TG-FTIR-GC–MS Analysis of Metallized Food Packaging Plastics with Different Concentrations of ZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst

Catalytic Pyrolysis Kinetic Behavior and TG-FTIR-GC–MS Analysis of Metallized Food Packaging Plastics with Different Concentrations of ZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst

Epoxy as Filler or Matrix for Polymer Composites

Healable epoxy‐based dielectric semi‐interpenetrating networks with different degrees of cross‐linking

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