Functional venomics of the Big-4 snakes of Pakistan

Anti-5 ′ -Nucleotidases (5 ′ Aslam1, Fatima2, Khalid3 et al. 2021BioMed Research International2000View full textAdd to dashboardCite

“…Similar results were reported by a previous study where significant activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme was found in the elapid venom while no acetylcholinesterase activity was detected in the viperid venom [57]. Another study conducted by Hashmi et al [6] also revealed very low or no activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the venom of Echis carinatus and Daboia russelii, whereas considerable activity was observed in the venom of Bungarus caeruleus and Naja naja. Observations of aforementioned studies reveal that snakes belonging to the family Viperidae contain a low or negligible amount of acetylcholinesterase enzyme in their venom.…”

“…Echis carinatus is one of the highly venomous snakes in South Asia including Pakistan that is responsible for more bites and deaths among the human population than any other snake species [45]. 5 ′ -Nucleotidases are one of the enzymatic components of Echis carinatus venom [6,11]. 5 ′ -Nucleotidase enzymes act as a cofactor of hemorrhagic toxins and affect homeostasis through modulation of platelet function [13,46,47].…”

“…Echis carinatus is one of the four main medically imperative snakes (referred to as "Big Four") in South Asia [6], which is responsible for numerous cases of morbidity and mortality in the Indian subcontinent including Pakistan (Astola Island in Makran) [7]. Envenomation caused by Echis carinatus is mainly characterized by severe local tissue destruction which includes blisters, edema, myonecrosis, and hemorrhage, as well as systemic effects such as hemorrhage of the body's vital organs, hypertension, and disturbed hemostasis [8,9].…”

Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mass Spectrometric Strategies for Proteomic Profiling of Iranian Saw-Scaled Viper, Echis carinatus sochureki, Venom

“…It is assumed that they exert distinct multifunctional actions through snakebite envenoming such as edema, anticoagulation, platelet aggregation inhibiting, cytotoxicity, and disruption of hemostasis mechanisms through focusing on core elements involved in the blood coagulation cascade. 51,55,56 Further interesting toxin family with an even lower abundance (∼5%) is CRiSP, which was recently isolated from Bothrops jararaca and reported to dictate the induction of proinflammatory responses that provoke the production of interleukin (IL)-6, also targeting the complement system. 57,58 These records are also in good agreement with the clinical observations of Iranian ECS envenomation in human patients.…”

Proteomic Investigations of Two Pakistani Naja Snake Venoms Species Unravel the Venom Complexity, Posttranslational Modifications, and Presence of Extracellular Vesicles

“…To meet the requirement of antivenoms, snake antivenom sera are presently also imported from India. However, studies have shown that Indian antivenoms provide partial neutralization, particularly for N. naja venom [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Although, N. naja and N. oxiana are also prevalent in India, but the venom composition is known to vary within the same species, due to change in geographical and ecological factors [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”