“…As a laser source for this treatment, it is a common practice to use 10.6-mm CO 2 lasers [2][3][4][5], but recently, 2.1-mm Ho:YAG lasers [6][7][8] and 308-nm XeCl excimer lasers [9] have received more attention because their laser beams can be delivered through optical fibers, and therefore the treatment can be accomplished percutaneously. In addition, many other types of lasers such as 2.9-mm Er:YAG lasers [8,10], 1.06-mm Nd:YAG lasers [11], 355-nm frequency-tripled Nd:YAG lasers [12], etc., are currently investigated for being applied to TMLR. For these lasers, not only the wavelength but also the temporal characteristics (pulse width, repetition rate, etc.)…”