Functional role of the sensory cortex in learning motor skills in cats

Sakamoto, Takashi; Arissian, Kostadinka; Asanuma, Hiroshi

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)91672-7

Cited by 82 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Sakamoto, Arissian & Asanuma, 1989) and in man (e.g. Bernstein, 1967;Stelmach, 1976;Hildreth & Hollerbach, 1987;Nielson, Neilson & O'Dwyer, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bernstein, 1967;Stelmach, 1976;Hildreth & Hollerbach, 1987;Nielson, Neilson & O'Dwyer, 1988). Such integration involves not only peripheral reflex pathways, but also occurs at many levels within the central nervous system (Lundberg, 1982;Sakamoto et al 1989). The process is complex and detailed and forms the basis of internal computations within the central nervous system, as Lundberg and Oscarsson and their collaborators have demonstrated in animals (Miller & Oscarsson, 1969;Oscarsson, 1973;Lundberg, 1975Lundberg, , 1979Lundberg, and 1982.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Constancy of central conduction delays during development in man: investigation of motor and somatosensory pathways.

Eyre

Miller

Ramesh

1991

The Journal of Physiology

179

113

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5. The conduction delays in the peripheral components of both motor and somatosensory pathways also decrease initially but then from the age of 5 years progressively increase in proportion to arm length.6. The threshold stimulus intensity for evoking muscle responses following electromagnetic stimulation of the cortex is high initially and falls progressively until the age of 16 years. A linear relationship exists between the threshold intensity and height for the height range 70-180 cm. 7. The threshold stimulus intensities for exciting peripheral motor and somatosensory nerves decrease up to the age of 5 years and then reach a plateau.8. The results support the conclusion, already reported in the literature that peripheral nerves attain maximum value for fibre diameter and conduction velocity at approximately 5 years of age.9. In contrast, it is concluded that the maximum fibre diameters in both motor and somatosensory central pathways increase in proportion to height, leading to constant central conduction delays with growth.

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“…Sakamoto, Arissian & Asanuma, 1989) and in man (e.g. Bernstein, 1967;Stelmach, 1976;Hildreth & Hollerbach, 1987;Nielson, Neilson & O'Dwyer, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constancy of central conduction delays during development in man: investigation of motor and somatosensory pathways.

Eyre

Miller

Ramesh

1991

The Journal of Physiology

179

113

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This indicates that the supination component of prehension is not obligatory. It is produced on the majority of trials, probably because it is an effective strategy for minimizing food drop (Alstermark et al, 1981;Sakamoto et al, 1989). Second, the BTX-injected limb supinated occasionally.…”

Section: Experimental Paradigm and Animal Databasementioning

confidence: 99%

Corticospinal System Development Depends on Motor Experience

Martin¹,

Choy²,

Pullman³

et al. 2004

J. Neurosci.

124

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Early motor experiences have been shown to be important for the development of motor skills in humans and animals. However, little is known about the role of motor experience in motor system development. In this study, we address the question of whether early motor experience is important in shaping the development of the corticospinal (CS) tract. We prevented limb use by the intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A into selected forelimb muscles to produce muscle paralysis during the period of development of CS connection specificity, which is between postnatal weeks 3 and 7. CS terminations were examined using an anterograde tracer. Preventing normal forelimb use during CS axon development produced defective development of CS terminations at week 8 and in maturity. There were reductions in the topographic distribution of axon terminals, in terminal and preterminal branching, and in varicosity density. This suggests that limb use is needed to refine CS terminals into topographically specific clusters of dense terminal branches and varicosities. To determine correlated effects on motor behavior, cats were tested in a prehension task, to reach and grasp a piece of food from a narrow food well, when the neuromuscular blockade dissipated (by week 10) and in maturity (week 16). Preventing normal limb use also produced a prehension deficit later in development and in maturity, in which there was a loss of the supination component of grasping. This component of prehension in the cat depends on CS projections from the paw representation of rostral motor cortex to the cervical enlargement. Our findings show that motor experiences are necessary for normal development of CS terminations and function.

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“…8,9 During performance of motor tasks, repetitive activation of sensory input enhances motor cortical plasticity, establishing a mechanism for the role of sensory input in motor skill acquisition. [10][11][12] A sensory-based intervention called peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has been shown to increase motor cortical excitability and enhance outcomes of motor training after stroke. In a study of 22 subjects <6 months after stroke, PNS paired with 1 week of intensive task-oriented UE training was associated with more significant improvement in movement function than the effects of training alone as measured by the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nerve Stimulation Enhances Task-Oriented Training in Chronic, Severe Motor Deficit After Stroke

Carrico

Chelette

Westgate

et al. 2016

Stroke

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Background and Purpose-A sensory-based intervention called peripheral nerve stimulation can enhance outcomes of motor training for stroke survivors with mild-to-moderate hemiparesis. Further research is needed to establish whether this paired intervention can have benefit in cases of severe impairment (almost no active movement). Methods-Subjects with chronic, severe poststroke hemiparesis (n=36) were randomized to receive 10 daily sessions of either active or sham stimulation (2 hours) immediately preceding intensive task-oriented training (4 hours). Upper extremity movement function was assessed using Fugl-Meyer Assessment (primary outcome measure), Wolf Motor Function Test, and Action Research Arm Test at baseline, immediately post intervention and at 1-month follow-up. Results-Statistically significant difference between groups favored the active stimulation group on Fugl-Meyer at postintervention (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-6.9; P=0.008) and 1-month follow-up (95% CI, 0.6-8.3; P=0.025), Wolf Motor Function Test at postintervention (95% CI, −0.21 to −0.02; P=0.020), and Action Research Arm Test at postintervention (95% CI, 0.8-7.3; P=0.015) and 1-month follow-up (95% CI, P=0.025). Only the active stimulation condition was associated with (1) statistically significant within-group benefit on all outcomes at 1-month follow-up and (2) improvement exceeding minimal detectable change, as well as minimal clinically significant difference, on ≥1 outcomes at ≥1 time points after intervention. Conclusions-After stroke, active peripheral nerve stimulation paired with intensive task-oriented training can effect significant improvement in severely impaired upper extremity movement function. Further confirmatory studies that consider a larger group, as well as longer follow-up, are needed. Corroborating evidence from a systematic review of randomized and quasi-randomized trials indicated that motor recovery after stroke may be enhanced with PNS, especially when PNS is delivered as an adjunct to motor training. 13,14A well-validated form of motor training called intensive task-oriented training has been associated with significant neuroplastic change, as well as more significant functional gains than usual and customary care, in cases of mild-to-moderate hemiparesis. 15 Further research is needed to optimize intensive task-oriented training for people with severely impaired movement function after stroke. 7 In addition, randomized controlled trials showing that PNS can enhance outcomes of task-oriented training have primarily targeted only mild-to-moderate UE impairment. [16][17][18][19] In sum, although pairing PNS with motor training can enhance motor recovery after stroke, it remains unclear how severity of motor deficit may affect responsiveness to this paired intervention.14 To address these evidence gaps, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether active PNS paired with intensive task-oriented training would lead to significantly more improved movement function than sham PNS paired with intensive ta...

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Functional role of the sensory cortex in learning motor skills in cats

Cited by 82 publications

References 26 publications

Constancy of central conduction delays during development in man: investigation of motor and somatosensory pathways.

Constancy of central conduction delays during development in man: investigation of motor and somatosensory pathways.

Corticospinal System Development Depends on Motor Experience

Nerve Stimulation Enhances Task-Oriented Training in Chronic, Severe Motor Deficit After Stroke

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