Functional reconstruction of total lower lip defects using innervated gracilis flap in the setting of high-energy ballistic injury to the lower face: Preliminary report

Treatment and Long-Term Follow-Up of Oral Cancer Postoperative Sialorrhea With Dermal Sling Operation

“…The functional outcome of these reconstructive approaches with muscle transfer has not been rigorously evaluated, and therefore, donor site morbidity is inevitable. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Cosmetic defects remain a long-term problem, particularly in female patients.…”

The Gracilis Free Flap in Head and Neck Reconstruction

“…15 Burt et al 21 have reported on the use of a bilateral gracilis flap for reconstruction of the oral sphincter. Ninkovic et al 10 and Gurunluoglu et al 22 have discussed 5 patients with near-full to full thickness lower lip deformities reconstructed with neurotized gracilis muscle flaps. The gracilis was used to reconstruct the orbicularis oris in conjunction with a color-matched scalp graft, whereas the vermillion was reconstructed with a facial artery musculomucosal flap.…”

“…Postoperative EMG demonstrated recovery of motor innervation to the lower lip. 10,22 The gracilis flap has been successfully used in the reconstruction of various head and neck defects. Although the number of patients reconstructed with the gracilis flaps for head and neck defects are much smaller than those requiring gracilis for facial nerve reanimation, the outcomes have been quite favorable according to the literature.…”

Decellularization of Human Lip

“…Conventional techniques for perioral reconstruction such as direct closure, local flaps and distant free flaps, are adequate for small areas of tissue loss but for larger defects they often give unsatisfactory results [2][3][4][5]. Surgeons acknowledge that once lost, the central part of the upper lip cannot be fully restored by any conventional surgical technique [6].…”