Functional Reach Test, Single-Leg Stance Test, and Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment for the Prediction of Falls in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

BackgroundSarcopenic obesity is characterized by low muscle mass and high body fat; prevalence increases with age, particularly after age 65 years. For this systematic literature review we searched scientific databases for studies on exercise interventions for improving physical performance in adults with sarcopenic obesity; also, we identified potential gaps in clinical practice guidelines that need to be addressed.MethodsWe followed the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The databases were searched for studies published through November 2021 that measured physical performance in adults with sarcopenic obesity.ResultsMost of the studies applied a strength training protocol in which improvement was noted post-treatment on the Time Chair Rise (TCR), 30-s Chair Stand, and Single Leg Stance (SLS) tests. Discrepancies between the studies were observed when resistance training was combined with or without elastic bands or electromyostimulation, as measured with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Physical Performance Test (PPT), Gait Speed, and Timed Up & Go (TUG) test. Post-intervention SPPB, PPT, and gait speed scores showed an increase or maintenance of performance, while TUG test scores were higher according to one study but lower according to another.ConclusionsEngagement in physical exercise, and resistance training in particular, can improve or maintain physical performance in adults with sarcopenic obesity. Study samples should include more men. A future area of focus should be the impact of different types of training (aerobic, power training, combined modalities). Finally, studies with longer intervention periods and follow-up periods are needed to gain a better understanding of the effectiveness of exercise on physical function in adults with sarcopenic obesity.

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“…In the present review, the four most common tests used to assess physical performance were SPPB ( 39 ), PPT ( 40 ), SLS ( 41 ) and TUG ( 42 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Exercise and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenic obesity: A systematic review

et al. 2022

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“…Single-leg stance is particularly important in falls prevention; evidence suggests that 40% of gait cycle is comprised of the single-leg stance [27]. Additionally, single-leg stance has been able to predict falls [28,29] and is a valid measure of discerning older adults who fall and who do not fall among community-dwelling older adults [30]. Rissel and colleagues (2013) found that single-leg stance balance improved for older adult participants in a cycling intervention [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity, balance, and bicycling in older adults

Baughn

Arellano

King

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Falls are a critical public health issue among older adults. One notable factor contributing to falls in older adults is a deterioration of the structures supporting balance and overall balance control. Preliminary evidence suggests older adults who ride a bicycle have better balance than those who do not. Cycling may be an effective intervention to prevent falls among older adults. This study aims to objectively measure the relationship between bicycling, physical activity, and balance for older adults. Older adult cyclists (n=19) and non-cyclists (n=27) were recruited to (1) complete a survey that assessed demographics; (2) wear an accelerometer for 3 weeks to objectively assess physical activity; and (3) complete balance-related tasks on force platforms. Mann-Whitney U-tests were performed to understand differences in balance and physical activity between cyclists and non-cyclists. Cyclists are significantly more physically than non-cyclists (U = 102.00, p = .015; U = 81.00, p=.002). Cyclists had less sway velocity in eyes open conditions than non-cyclists (U = 360.00, p=.009), indicating a more tightly regulated postural control strategy that may relate to higher stability in cyclists. Task duration among cyclists in single-leg stand was longer than non-cyclists (left leg: p<.001 and right leg: p<.005) indicating increased postural stability. This study demonstrates the possible implications for cycling on balance and reducing fall risk.

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“…The sway during the quiet balance test with force plates 21 and the functional reach test (FRT) 22 were adopted as balance tests. Three floor conditions were used for balance evaluation: MM-flooring, shock-absorbing mat and rigid floor.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shock-absorbing effect of flooring-adopted mechanical metamaterial technology and its influence on the gait and balance of older adults

Tatemoto

Sugiura²,

Kumazawa

et al. 2022

Inj Prev

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ObjectiveTo elucidate the performance of a shock-absorbing floor material with a mechanical metamaterial (MM-flooring) structure and its effect on the gait and balance of older adults.MethodsThe drop-weight impact was applied to evaluate the shock-absorbing performance. The falling weight was adjusted equivalent to the energy exerted on the femur of an older woman when she falls, which was evaluated on the MM-flooring and six other flooring materials.Nineteen healthy people over the age of 65 years participated in the gait and balance evaluations. The timed up and go and two-step tests were adopted as gait performance tests, and the sway-during-quiet-balance test with force plates and the functional reach test (FRT) were adopted as balance tests. All the participants underwent these tests on the MM-flooring, shock-absorbing mat and rigid flooring.ResultsThe shock-absorbing performance test revealed that MM-flooring has sufficient shock-absorbing performance, and suggesting that it may reduce the probability of fractures in the older people when they fall. The results of the gait performance test showed that the participants demonstrated the same gait performance on the MM-flooring and the rigid floor. In the quiet standing test, MM-flooring did not affect the balance function of the participants to the same extent as the rigid floor, compared with the shock-absorbing mat. In the FRT, no significant differences were found for any of the flooring conditions.ConclusionsMM-flooring has the potential to prevent fractures attributed to falls and does not affect the gait or balance of older adults.

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Functional Reach Test, Single-Leg Stance Test, and Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment for the Prediction of Falls in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Cited by 63 publications

References 65 publications

Exercise and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenic obesity: A systematic review

Exercise and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenic obesity: A systematic review

Physical activity, balance, and bicycling in older adults

Shock-absorbing effect of flooring-adopted mechanical metamaterial technology and its influence on the gait and balance of older adults

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