Functional prototype modules of antimony sulfide selenide thin film solar cells

Systematic Variation of Material Characteristics with Chemical Composition in Antimony Sulfide Selenide Thin Films and Its Relevance to Solar Cell Performance

“…We illustrate that a prototype module of seven solar cells (E) operates at a maximum power of 34.2 mW at an efficiency of 4.88%, with V oc 2.8 V and a short circuit current ( I sc ) of 25.2 mA. The cells and module remain appreciably stable 1 year after their fabrication, confirming our earlier report [ 27 ] on the stability of such solar cells.…”

Analysis of Hole Transport Layer and Electron Transport Layer Materials in the Efficiency Improvement of Sb2(Se1−xSx)3 Solar Cell

“…[28] Regarding the HTL materials, Cu 2 O has been synthesized by techniques such as CBD [29] and sputtering, [30] while NiO thin films have been deposited by techniques such as CBD, spray pyrolysis, [31] and sputtering. [32] The Sb 2 (Se 1Àx S x ) 3 absorber material has been synthesized by different techniques, both chemical and physical, for example, rapid thermal evaporation using sulfur and Sb 2 Se 3 powders, [33] coevaporation of Sb 2 S 3 and Sb 2 Se 3 , [34] pulsed laser deposition, [35] CBD-Sb 2 S 3 followed by spin coating Se solution and postthermal annealing, [36] vapor transport deposition, [37] and hydrothermal deposition. [20] Therefore, a variety of thin film deposition techniques have been already used for layer deposition and thereby can be implemented in the fabrication of the proposed devices.…”

Efficient Sb2(S,Se)3 Solar Modules Enabled by Hydrothermal Deposition

“…A module consists of seven subcells in series, with a total active area of 7 cm 2 and a conversion efficiency of 4.1%. [ 7 ] After optimization, the PCE of the photovoltaic module on the 6.97 cm 2 active area is 4.38%. [ 8 ] Cheng et al fabricated a module with five subcells in series with an active area of 21 cm 2 by spray pyrolysis and processing in selenium‐ambient, which shows a PCE of 3.19% (Table 1).…”

“…[ 10,11 ] To achieve high PCE, modules need to have very narrow interconnections to increase the active area. [ 12,13 ] In the reported large‐area Sb 2 (S,Se) 3 solar photovoltaic modules, [ 7–9 ] the interconnection mechanism is still based on masking and chemical etching, which is difficult to operate and quite time consuming. In addition, the traditional interconnection of cells in a module usually lead to low aperture ratios, that is, the ratios between the active areas on a substrate and the sum of these and the interconnection areas, which affects the maximum PCE that the module can deliver over a fixed substrate area.…”