Functional protein microarrays: just how functional are they?

Tuning cell differentiation patterns and single cell dynamics by regulating proteins’ functionalities in a toggle switch

“…Both non-functional and functional proteins are able to be part of a dimer. The loss of the two basic functionalities of dimers, i.e., molecular recognition and enzymatic activity [29,32], are modeled by 'case N ' and 'case B ', respectively. In 'case N ', non-functional dimers cannot bind to promoters while in 'case B ', non-functional dimers, although able to bind to the genes' TFBS, do not repress gene expression.…”

Large-Scale Protein-Protein Interaction Detection Approaches: Past, Present and Future

“…Anti-GFP antibodies produced similar signals while anti-penta-His antibody signal was seen only in Hisx6-GFP, suggesting that unspecifi c binding to Ni slides rather than uniform attachment of Hisx6 tag to Ni may be responsible for protein binding (1). Other limitations of utilizing Ni-His affi nity in functional microarrays arise from the fact that Ni-His interaction can be disrupted by washing, prolonged storage or commonly used reagents including EDTA and DTT (57). Slides coated with streptavidin bind biotinylated proteins very tightly and this system was used by Procognia to produce the fi rst commercially available functional microarray in 2002 (9).…”

“…In addition, three-dimentional surfaces such as epoxy-modifi ed silicone elastomer microwells (108) can be used for microarrays. These prevent cross-contamination and have increased binding capacity due to increased surface area (57).…”

“…A number of surfaces and chemistries can be applied for arraying a protein collection on a chip (57,95). These include glass slides coated with non-specifi c covalent crosslinkers such as aldehyde, epoxy and bovine serum albumin-N-hydroxy succinimide (BSA-NHS).…”

Polyketone polymer: A new support for direct enzyme immobilization

“…Recent studies are addressed towards all fields of the enzyme immobilization to find new applications in all kinds of the enzyme biotechnology, in particular for biomedical applications (Liang et al, 2000;Demers et al, 2002), biosensors (D'Souza, 2001), analytical determinations (Wu and Cheng, 2005;Vila and Tubino, 2001), biotransformations also in organic solvents (Faber, 1999;Ogino and Ishikawa, 2001;Arroyo et al, 2003), synthesis of bioactive compounds (Garcìa-Junceda et al, 2004), and analytical and preparative separations (Girelli and Mattei, 2005;Podgornik and Tennikova, 2002). Moreover, numerous papers have been published concerning new supports for heterogeneous enzymatic catalysis Nahalka et al, 2003;Butler, 2000;Merkel et al, 2005), with particular attention to membranes and polymeric films (Rauf et al, 2006;Biegunski et al, 2006), and nanotubes (Kandimalla and Ju, 2006;Martin and Kohli, 2003).…”