Functional Properties of the Feeding Musculature

Herring, Susan W.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-57906-6_2

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…Effects on the motor properties of jaw and tongue muscles The oxidative capacity of a muscle correlates with its use (Herring, 1994). Feeding rats or mice a soft or liquid diet decreased the percentage of oxidative fibers in the jaw elevators, but not in the jaw depressors Yoshida, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Since the tetanic tension of the masseter was significantly lower in rats fed a soft diet than in those fed a normal diet, it was suggested that the type of diet may influence the tension applied to the facial skeleton and affect craniofacial growth (Kiliaridis and Shyu, 1988). Recent studies on the ontogenetic changes of histochemical composition of the feeding musculature related to muscle demand or usage have been extensively reviewed (Herring, 1994). The ontogenetic changes in feeding-muscle activities or ingestive behaviors have been studied in pigs (Herring, 1977;Herring and Wineski, 1986;Anapol and Herring, 1989), hamsters (Lakars and Herring, 1980), rats (Hall, 1985;Westneat and Hall, 1992), and rabbits (Langenbach et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Properties of Jaw and Tongue Muscles in Rats Fed a Liquid Diet after Being Weaned

Liu

Ikeda²,

Harada

et al. 1998

J Dent Res

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Decreased masticatory demands due to liquid or soft diets cause a reduction in the growth of craniofacial bones and in the development of feeding musculature, but the effects on masticatory function and jaw/tongue muscle activities are unclear. The present study was undertaken to test the hypotheses that a liquid diet feeding after weaning affects the critical-period programming of mastication and the motor performances of jaw and tongue muscles. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into two equals groups at weaning and fed either a solid (solid-diet group) or a liquid (liquid-diet group) diet until they reached 50 days of age. Electromyograms (EMG) of the masseter, medial pterygoid, temporalis, anterior digastric, styloglossus, and genioglossus were recorded while animals were naturally ingesting ordinary pellets, apple cubes, and a liquid diet. It was found that: (1) a more irregular chewing rhythm, a shorter chewing sequence, and a longer chewing cycle were found in the liquid-diet group, but there were no differences observed during lapping/licking between the two groups; (2) during the chewing cycles, the EMG onset of each muscle in relation to that of the masseter in the liquid-diet group was similar to that in the lapping/licking cycles in both groups; (3) the activities of jaw elevators (masseter, medial pterygoid, and temporalis) during the chewing cycles were significantly higher in the liquid-diet group; and (4) the increase in the EMG activities of jaw elevators during pellet chewing compared with apple cube chewing was significantly weaker in the liquid-diet group, whereas such an enhancement was found simultaneously in the styloglossus in the solid-diet group, and in the anterior digastric in the liquid-diet group. These findings verify that: (1) the motor output of jaw and tongue muscles may be altered in rats fed a liquid diet after being weaned; (2) the feeding of a liquid diet to rats after being weaned may obstruct the functional transition from suckling to mastication; and (3) jaw elevators that develop without motor learning of mastication are inefficiency when performing functionally.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Properties of Jaw and Tongue Muscles in Rats Fed a Liquid Diet after Being Weaned

Liu

Ikeda²,

Harada

et al. 1998

J Dent Res

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“…In mammalian masticatory muscles, as in the locomotor muscles, force modulation at low force amplitudes appears to be predominantly via muscle fiber recruitment rather than rate modulation (Goldberg and Derfler, 1977;Hannam and McMillan, 1994;Scutter and Türker, 1998). Mammalian masticatory muscles are not uniform in their fiber types (Anapol and Herring, 2000;Herring, 1994;Maxwell et al, 1979;Wall et al, 2006;Wall et al, 2005), and a large number of studies suggest that smaller, slower motor units are recruited before larger, faster motor units (Clark et al, 1978;Desmedt and Godaux, 1979;Goldberg and Derfler, 1977;LevTov et al, 1993;Lund et al, 1979;Miles and Türker, 1986;Miles et al, 1987;van Eijden and Turkawski, 2001;Van Wessel et al, 2005;Wall et al, 2006;Wall et al, 2005;Yemm, 1977). Thus, the evidence suggests that the generation of progressively higher bite forces during rhythmic mastication is achieved through increased recruitment of larger, faster motor units, resulting in increases in the rate of the generation of muscle force.…”

Section: Rate-modulation Of Bite Forcementioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of mandibular loading and bite force in mammals during mastication

Ross

Dharia

Herring

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Modulation of force during mammalian mastication provides insight into force modulation in rhythmic, cyclic behaviors. This study uses in vivo bone strain data from the mandibular corpus to test two hypotheses regarding bite force modulation during rhythmic mastication in mammals: (1)that bite force is modulated by varying the duration of force production, or(2) that bite force is modulated by varying the rate at which force is produced. The data sample consists of rosette strain data from 40 experiments on 11 species of mammals, including six primate genera and four nonprimate species: goats, pigs, horses and alpacas. Bivariate correlation and multiple regression methods are used to assess relationships between maximum(ϵ1) and minimum (ϵ2) principal strain magnitudes and the following variables: loading time and mean loading rate from 5% of peak to peak strain, unloading time and mean unloading rate from peak to 5% of peak strain, chew cycle duration, and chew duty factor. Bivariate correlations reveal that in the majority of experiments strain magnitudes are significantly (P<0.001) correlated with strain loading and unloading rates and not with strain loading and unloading times. In those cases when strain magnitudes are also correlated with loading times,strain magnitudes are more highly correlated with loading rate than loading time. Multiple regression analyses reveal that variation in strain magnitude is best explained by variation in loading rate. Loading time and related temporal variables (such as overall chew cycle time and chew duty factor) do not explain significant amounts of additional variance. Few and only weak correlations were found between strain magnitude and chew cycle time and chew duty factor. These data suggest that bite force modulation during rhythmic mastication in mammals is mainly achieved by modulating the rate at which force is generated within a chew cycle, and less so by varying temporal parameters. Rate modulation rather than time modulation may allow rhythmic mastication to proceed at a relatively constant frequency, simplifying motor control computation.)

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“…Jaw closing depends on the adductors (temporalis, masseter, and pterygoids). These muscles and their roles in positioning the jaw in humans are reviewed by Miller (1991), and in a variety of non-human mammals by Herring (1994) and Langenbach and van Eijden (2001). The activity in the muscles associated with functional behaviors is usually recorded electromyographically (EMG), and the data are used to interpret patterns of activity producing complex movement events [see Crompton et al (1977), for an example of EMG with CFG recorded jaw and hyoid movement].…”

Section: (Viii) the Hyolingual Musculaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Tongue Movements in Feeding and Speech

Hiiemäe

Palmer

2003

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

319

183

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ABSTRACT:The position of the tongue relative to the upper and lower jaws is regulated in part by the position of the hyoid bone, which, with the anterior and posterior suprahyoid muscles, controls the angulation and length of the floor of the mouth on which the tongue body 'rides'. The instantaneous shape of the tongue is controlled by the 'extrinsic muscles' acting in concert with the 'intrinsic' muscles. Recent anatomical research in non-human mammals has shown that the intrinsic muscles can best be regarded as a 'laminated segmental system' with tightly packed layers of the 'transverse', 'longitudinal', and 'vertical' muscle fibers. Each segment receives separate innervation from branches of the hypoglosssal nerve. These new anatomical findings are contributing to the development of functional models of the tongue, many based on increasingly refined finite element modeling techniques. They also begin to explain the observed behavior of the jaw-hyoid-tongue complex, or the hyomandibular 'kinetic chain', in feeding and consecutive speech. Similarly, major efforts, involving many imaging techniques (cinefluorography, ultrasound, electro-palatography, NMRI, and others), have examined the spatial and temporal relationships of the tongue surface in sound production. The feeding literature shows localized tongue-surface change as the process progresses. The speech literature shows extensive change in tongue shape between classes of vowels and consonants. Although there is a fundamental dichotomy between the referential framework and the methodological approach to studies of the orofacial complex in feeding and speech, it is clear that many of the shapes adopted by the tongue in speaking are seen in feeding. It is suggested that the range of shapes used in feeding is the matrix for both behaviors.

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Functional Properties of the Feeding Musculature

Cited by 6 publications

References 120 publications

Functional Properties of Jaw and Tongue Muscles in Rats Fed a Liquid Diet after Being Weaned

Functional Properties of Jaw and Tongue Muscles in Rats Fed a Liquid Diet after Being Weaned

Modulation of mandibular loading and bite force in mammals during mastication

Tongue Movements in Feeding and Speech

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