Functional Plasmon-Activated Water Increases Akkermansia muciniphila Abundance in Gut Microbiota to Ameliorate Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction, as indicated by epithelial hyperpermeability and high levels of mucosal-associated bacteria. Changes in gut microbiota may be correlated with IBD pathogenesis. Additionally, microbe-based treatments could mitigate clinical IBD symptoms. Plasmon-activated water (PAW) is known to have an anti-inflammatory potential. In this work, we studied the association between the anti-inflammatory ability of PAW and intestinal microbes, thereby improving IBD treatment. We examined the PAW-induced changes in the colonic immune activity and microbiota of mice by immunohistochemistry and next generation sequencing, determined whether drinking PAW can mitigate IBD induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) and dysbiosis through mice animal models. The effects of specific probiotic species on mice with TNBS-induced IBD were also investigated. Experimental results indicated that PAW could change the local inflammation in the intestinal microenvironment. Moreover, the abundance of Akkermansia spp. was degraded in the TNBS-treated mice but elevated in the PAW-drinking mice. Daily rectal injection of Akkermansia muciniphila, a potential probiotic species in Akkermansia spp., also improved the health of the mice. Correspondingly, both PAW consumption and increasing the intestinal abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila can mitigate IBD in mice. These findings indicate that increasing the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in the gut through PAW consumption or other methods may mitigate IBD in mice with clinically significant IBD.

Combined Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides with Plasmon-Activated Water Affect IFN-γ/TNF-α Induced Inflammation in Caco-2 Cells

“…The innovation of PAW was considered novel, but its application against diseases or benefits to the regulation of physiological functions remains unknown. A previous study demonstrated that the consumption of PAW replacing drinking water had anti-inflammatory effects and could be beneficial to the relative abundance of specific probiotics such as Akkermansia muciniphila and other butyrate-producing bacteria in mice with colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid [54]. Additionally, the combination of cisplatin and PAW in drinking water extended survival time in lung cancer mice-implanted LCC-1 cells compared to the combination of cisplatin and deionized water, and the possible mechanisms could be associated with the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of PAW, which was proven by inducing nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant gene in human gingival fibroblasts [18].…”

Tumorigenesis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Microbiota-Environment Interconnections

“…Akkermansia Muciniphila is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to Verrucomicrobia phylum. It colonizes the mucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract by interfering with the metabolism of mucin, which is necessary for the maintenance of the homeostasis of the intestinal wall [99,100]. Macchione et al, observed that a reduction in A. muciniphila correlates with a range of gastrointestinal disorders, including IBD [100][101][102].…”

“…Akkermansia Muciniphila is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to Verrucomicrobia phylum. It colonizes the mucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract by interfering with the metabolism of mucin, which is necessary for the maintenance of the homeostasis of the intestinal wall [ 99 , 100 ].…”