Functional packaging of seeds

Huss, Jessica C.; Gierlinger, Notburga

doi:10.1111/nph.17299

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(120 reference statements)

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“…Much depends on the extent of human‐driven modifications relative to the lability of the trait. For instance, cultivation reduces hard‐seededness in legumes, partly because fire is no longer present as a dormancy‐release mechanism and because soft‐seededness is a preferred trait for domestication (Maass, 2006; Huss & Gierlinger, 2021). Acacia mearnsii , native to SE Australia, does not germinate at all unless seeds receive a heat pulse from fire (Riveiro et al ., 2020); however, it germinates well without any heat treatment in South African plantations (Kulkarni, Sparg & van Staden, 2007).…”

Section: Alternative Driversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire‐released seed dormancy ‐ a global synthesis

Pausas

Lamont

2022

Biological Reviews

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Seed dormancy varies greatly between species, clades, communities, and regions. We propose that fireprone ecosystems create ideal conditions for the selection of seed dormancy as fire provides a mechanism for dormancy release and postfire conditions are optimal for germination. Thus, fire-released seed dormancy should vary in type and abundance under different fire regimes. To test these predictions, we compiled data from a wide range of fire-related germination experiments for species in different ecosystems across the globe. We identified four dormancy syndromes: heat-released (physical) dormancy, smoke-released (physiological) dormancy, non-fire-released dormancy, and non-dormancy. In fireprone ecosystems, fire, in the form of heat and/or chemical by-products (collectively termed 'smoke'), are the predominant stimuli for dormancy release and subsequent germination, with climate (cold or warm stratification) and light sometimes playing important secondary roles. Fire (heat or smoke)-released dormancy is best expressed where woody vegetation is dense and fires are intense, i.e. in crown-fire ecosystems. In such environments, seed dormancy allows shade-intolerant species to take advantage of vegetation gaps created by fire and synchronize germination with optimal recruitment conditions. In grassy fireprone ecosystems (e.g. savannas), where fires are less intense but more frequent, seed dormancy is less common and dormancy release is often not directly related to fire (non-fire-released dormancy). Rates of germination, whether controls or postfire, are twice as fast in savannas than in mediterranean ecosystems. Fire-released dormancy is rare to absent in arid ecosystems and rainforests. The seeds of many species with fire-released dormancy also possess elaiosomes that promote ant dispersal. Burial by ants increases insulation of seeds from fires and places them in a suitable location for fire-released dormancy. The distribution of these dormancy syndromes across seed plants is not randomcertain dormancy types are associated with particular lineages (phylogenetic conservatism). Heat-released dormancy can be traced back to fireprone floras in the 'fiery' mid-Cretaceous, followed by smoke-released dormancy, with loss of fire-related dormancy among recent events associated with the advent of open savannas and non-fireprone habitats. Anthropogenic influences are now modifying dormancy-release mechanisms, usually decreasing the role of fire as exaptive effects. We conclude that contrasting fire regimes are a key driver of the evolution and maintenance of diverse seed dormancy types in many of the world's natural ecosystems.

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Section: Alternative Driversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire‐released seed dormancy ‐ a global synthesis

Pausas

Lamont

2022

Biological Reviews

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“…Sclereids with multiple pit channels can be found in shell tissues of different species (Sebaa and Harche 2014 ; Hammami et al 2013 ; Kaniewski 1965 ). Also our previous studies of the walnut shell report a very dense channel network between neighbouring cells (Huss et al 2021 ; Xiao et al 2021 , 2020 ; Antreich et al 2019 ). With a detailed SFB-SEM study, we reconstructed for the first time the cell connections in 3D during the sclerification process in the shell.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Sclerification of shell tissue is a necessity to protect the developing seed in many nuts or drupes (Huss and Gierlinger 2021 ) and often occurs within several days (Dardick and Callahan 2014 ). During sclerification of the peach endocarp, for example, genes involved in lignin biosynthesis are highly upregulated and enzymes related to cell wall biosynthesis and secondary wall formation are more active (Dardick et al 2010 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The walnut shell network: 3D visualisation of symplastic and apoplastic transport routes in sclerenchyma tissue

Antreich

Huss

Xiao

et al. 2022

Planta

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Main conclusion High symplastic connectivity via pits was linked to the lignification of the developing walnut shell. With maturation, this network lessened, whereas apoplastic intercellular space remained and became relevant for shell drying. Abstract The shell of the walnut (Juglans regia) sclerifies within several weeks. This fast secondary cell wall thickening and lignification of the shell tissue might need metabolites from the supporting husk tissue. To reveal the transport capacity of the walnut shell tissue and its connection to the husk, we visualised the symplastic and apoplastic transport routes during shell development by serial block face-SEM and 3D reconstruction. We found an extensive network of pit channels connecting the cells within the shell tissue, but even more towards the husk tissue. Each pit channel ended in a pit field, which was occupied by multiple plasmodesmata passing through the middle lamella. During shell development, secondary cell wall formation progressed towards the interior of the cell, leaving active pit channels open. In contrast, pit channels, which had no plasmodesmata connection to a neighbouring cell, got filled by cellulose layers from the inner cell wall lamellae. A comparison with other nut species showed that an extended network during sclerification seemed to be linked to high cell wall lignification and that the connectivity between cells got reduced with maturation. In contrast, intercellular spaces between cells remained unchanged during the entire sclerification process, allowing air and water to flow through the walnut shell tissue when mature. The connectivity between inner tissue and environment was essential during shell drying in the last month of nut development to avoid mould formation. The findings highlight how connectivity and transport work in developing walnut shell tissue and how finally in the mature state these structures influence shell mechanics, permeability, conservation and germination.

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“…In higher plants’ life cycle, transitions from seed to seedling represent a critical developmental step, dramatically affecting plant ontogenesis and stress tolerance. To establish seedlings at the appropriate time, seeds have evolved mechanisms to maintain dormancy until environmental conditions (temperature, moisture, and light) are favorable for germination [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Three phases of seed germination are recognized [ 4 , 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seed-to-Seedling Transition: Novel Aspects

Smolikova

Медведев

2022

Plants

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Transition from seed to seedling represents a critical stage in plants’ life cycles. This process includes three significant events in the seeds: (i) tissue hydration, (ii) the mobilization of reserve nutrients, and (iii) the activation of metabolic activity. Global metabolic rearrangements lead to the initiation of radicle growth and the resumption of vegetative development. It requires massive reprogramming of the transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and attendant signaling pathways, resulting in the silencing of seed-maturation genes and the activation of vegetative growth genes. This Special Issue discusses the mechanisms of genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal switches during seed-to-seedling transitions. Detailed information has also been covered regarding the influence of germination features on seedling establishment.

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Functional packaging of seeds

Cited by 18 publications

References 69 publications

Fire‐released seed dormancy ‐ a global synthesis

Fire‐released seed dormancy ‐ a global synthesis

The walnut shell network: 3D visualisation of symplastic and apoplastic transport routes in sclerenchyma tissue

Seed-to-Seedling Transition: Novel Aspects

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