Functional MRI of Global and Local Processing in Children

Moses, Pamela; Roe, Katherine; Buxton, Richard B.; Wong, Eric C.; Frank, Lawrence R.; Stiles, Joan

doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1064

Cited by 80 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Further, as discussed earlier, dorsolateral prefrontal activation was lateralized to the left in the control children in our study but to the right in other studies of adults and adolescents, perhaps reflecting greater use of verbal strategies in children (Bunge et al, 2002). Second, the bilateral pattern of temporoparieto-occipital involvement in control children is consistent with incomplete lateralization of local/global processing using hierarchical stimuli in children (Moses et al, 2002). In contrast, activation of those regions during mature local and global processing was lateralized to the left and right hemisphere, respectively (Fink et al, 1996(Fink et al, , 1997Robertson & Lamb, 1991;.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Findings from past EFT imaging studies in adults and adolescents may not extend to pre-adolescent children for two reasons: First, since lateralization of local/global processing is not complete until early adolescence, the pattern of hemispheric involvement is likely to be unique prior to adolescence. Although a global perceptual bias is present in infancy (Colombo et al, 1991), laterality differences in perceptual performance (Mondloch et al, 2003) and cortical recruitment (Moses et al, 2002) are not stable until early adolescence. Adult-like temporo-parietal lateralization during hierarchical processing was observed only in adolescents exhibiting an adult-like visualfield advantage (Moses et al, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although a global perceptual bias is present in infancy (Colombo et al, 1991), laterality differences in perceptual performance (Mondloch et al, 2003) and cortical recruitment (Moses et al, 2002) are not stable until early adolescence. Adult-like temporo-parietal lateralization during hierarchical processing was observed only in adolescents exhibiting an adult-like visualfield advantage (Moses et al, 2002). Thus, hemispheric specialization of posterior cortices characterizing adults and some adolescents ought to differ from that in pre-adolescent children.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Atypical neural substrates of Embedded Figures Task performance in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

et al. 2007

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Superior performance on the Embedded Figures Task (EFT) has been attributed to weak central coherence in perceptual processing in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural basis of EFT performance in 7-12 year old ASD children and age and IQ matched controls. ASD children activated only a subset of the distributed network of regions activated in controls. In frontal cortex, control children activated left dorsolateral, medial and dorsal premotor regions whereas ASD children only activated the dorsal premotor region. In parietal and occipital cortices, activation was bilateral in control children but unilateral (left superior parietal and right occipital) in ASD children. Further, extensive bilateral ventral temporal activation was observed in control, but not ASD children. ASD children performed the EFT at the same level as controls but with reduced cortical involvement, suggesting that disembedded visual processing is accomplished parsimoniously by ASD relative to typically developing brains.Despite deficits in multiple functional domains including social interaction, language, and executive functioning, individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) exhibit a notable strength, namely, superior ability to identify local features of complex visual stimuli (Happe & Frith, 2006). This perceptual superiority is most consistently reflected in faster and/or more accurate performance on the Embedded Figures Task (EFT), which requires identification of a simple shape embedded within a complex figure (Jolliffe & Baron-Cohen, 1997;Shah & Frith, 1983). An influential theoretical interpretation of this and similar findings on other visual-spatial tasks has been the proposal that individuals with ASD have a perceptual processing style that facilitates visual processing of local rather than global information, termed weak central coherence (Happe & Frith, 2006). Such an information processing style is consistent with symptoms of preoccupation with object parts and difficulty perceiving whole objects following changes in constituent parts (Happe & Frith, 2006). Regarding the EFT, the Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptNeuroimage. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2008 October 15. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript task draws upon the natural bias towards local visual processing in ASD, thereby yielding better performance in ASD than controls. In contrast, typically developing individuals are slower and/or less accu...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atypical neural substrates of Embedded Figures Task performance in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

et al. 2007

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“…Such bilateral activity is consistent with refined organization of right motor responses in right-handed adults to the contralateral sensorimotor cortex, but less discretely organized representations in the child. This interpretation is consistent with other reports of more bilateral activity in children than in adults in visuospatial tasks (Moses et al, 2002).…”

Section: Developmental Differences Within Disparate Brain Regionssupporting

confidence: 93%

Dissociating Striatal and Hippocampal Function Developmentally with a Stimulus–Response Compatibility Task

et al. 2002

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The current study examined the development of cognitive and neural systems involved in overriding a learned action in favor of a new one using a stimulus-response compatibility task and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Eight right-handed adults (mean age, 22-30 years), and eight children (7-11 years) were scanned while they performed a task. Both children and adults were less accurate for incompatible stimulus-response mappings than compatible ones; the children's performance was significantly worse. The comparison of the incompatible and compatible conditions showed large volumes of activity in the ventral prefrontal cortex, ventral caudate nucleus, thalamus, and hippocampus. Striatal activity correlated with the percentage of errors in overriding the old stimulus-response association. The hippocampal activity correlated with the reaction time to make a response to a new stimulus-response mapping that required the reversal of a prior association between a stimulus and a response location. Developmental differences were observed in the volume of striatal/pallidal and hippocampal/parahippocampal activity in that these regions were larger and extended more ventrally in children relative to adults. These results suggest that with maturation and learning, projections to and from these regions may become more refined and focal. Moreover, these findings are consistent with the role of ventral frontostriatal circuitry in overriding habitual and well learned actions and hippocampal systems in learning and reversing associations between a given stimulus and spatial location. Key words: development; basal ganglia; hippocampus; imaging; learning; fMRI; childrenThe ability to override competing actions is a key component of cognitive functioning (Kahneman et al., 1983;Baddeley, 1986;Shallice, 1988;Cohen and Servan-Schreiber, 1992;Desimone and Duncan, 1995); it becomes more efficient with age (Harnishfeger and Bjorkland, 1993). In other words, immature cognition is characterized by greater susceptibility to interference from competing actions (Diamond, 1990;Brainerd and Reyna, 1993;Dempster, 1993;Casey et al., 2001Casey et al., , 2002Munakata and Yerys, 2001), as evidenced in children when performing Stroopinterference tasks (Tipper et al., 1989), card sorting (Zelazo et al., 1996;Munakata and Yerys 2001), and go-no-go tasks (Luria, 1961; Casey et al., 1997a,b;Vaidya et al., 1998). In all cases, children have more difficulty making the correct response when there is interference from competing response alternatives.Overriding well learned actions in favor of new ones and the development of neural subsystems underlying this ability is the focus of this paper. In essence, how does the less mature system recruit brain regions when making a new response to a given stimulus relative to making a well learned response to that same stimulus (i.e., stimulus-response incompatibility)? This ability involves both overriding an old association while simultaneously learning a new one. The ability to shift between behavioral sets has...

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“…Human imaging studies show frontostriatal region changes (Giedd et al, 1999;Sowell et al, 1999;Casey et al, 2005) that seem to parallel increased cognitive control (Casey et al, 1997;Rubia et al, 2000;Luna et al, 2001;Luna and Sweeney, 2004;Steinberg, 2004). These changes appear to show activation shifts of prefrontal regions from diffuse to more focal recruitment over time (Casey et al, 1997;Bunge et al, 2002;Moses et al, 2002;Durston et al, 2006). Neuroimaging studies cannot definitively characterize the mechanism of such developmental changes (e.g., synaptic pruning, myelination).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earlier Development of the Accumbens Relative to Orbitofrontal Cortex Might Underlie Risk-Taking Behavior in Adolescents

Galván

Hare

Parra

et al. 2006

Journal of Neuroscience

1,107

1,079

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Adolescence has been characterized by risk-taking behaviors that can lead to fatal outcomes. This study examined the neurobiological development of neural systems implicated in reward-seeking behaviors. Thirty-seven participants (7-29 years of age) were scanned using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging and a paradigm that parametrically manipulated reward values. The results show exaggerated accumbens activity, relative to prefrontal activity in adolescents, compared with children and adults, which appeared to be driven by different time courses of development for these regions. Accumbens activity in adolescents looked like that of adults in both extent of activity and sensitivity to reward values, although the magnitude of activity was exaggerated. In contrast, the extent of orbital frontal cortex activity in adolescents looked more like that of children than adults, with less focal patterns of activity. These findings suggest that maturing subcortical systems become disproportionately activated relative to later maturing top-down control systems, biasing the adolescent's action toward immediate over long-term gains.

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Functional MRI of Global and Local Processing in Children

Cited by 80 publications

References 55 publications

Atypical neural substrates of Embedded Figures Task performance in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Atypical neural substrates of Embedded Figures Task performance in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Dissociating Striatal and Hippocampal Function Developmentally with a Stimulus–Response Compatibility Task

Earlier Development of the Accumbens Relative to Orbitofrontal Cortex Might Underlie Risk-Taking Behavior in Adolescents

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