Functional morphology of the nictitating membrane in the domestic cat

Schramm, Uda; Unger, Kerstin; Keeler, Carol

doi:10.1016/s0940-9602(11)80426-7

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Previous studies have described feline GCD in a limited number of cats and for only the palpebral, 16 fornicial 17,18 or third eyelid 19 conjunctiva. To the authors’ knowledge, the present study provides for the first time normative data for GCD and distribution throughout all conjunctival regions in cats without clinical evidence of ocular surface disease and without histologic evidence of conjunctival disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 Our finding that the anterior face of the third eyelid has high GCD was also reported in dogs 20 and cats. 19 Interestingly, a study conducted in humans revealed that the highest GCD is found on the plica semilunaris - a vestigial remnant of the nictitating membrane. 13 In the present study, GCD was notably lower in the bulbar conjunctival region than in other regions in cats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Goblet cell density and distribution in cats with clinically and histologically normal conjunctiva

Sebbag

Reilly

Eid

et al. 2016

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Objective To evaluate goblet cell density (GCD) and distribution in cats without clinical evidence of ocular surface disease and without histologic evidence of conjunctival disease. Animals studied Fourteen domestic-shorthair cats euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study. Procedures Before euthanasia, cats were verified using slit-lamp biomicroscopy and fluorescein staining to be free of eyelid or ocular surface abnormalities. Immediately after euthanasia, bilateral conjunctival specimens including third eyelid (TEL) were collected, routinely processed, stained with Periodic acid-Schiff and hematoxylin and eosin. Thirteen conjunctival regions were identified. For each region, GCD was expressed as percentage of goblet cells/200 basal epithelial cells. Results Mean GCD ranged widely by region: anterior face of the TEL = 48.8%, fornicial regions = 47.0%, palpebral regions = 38.5%, bulbar regions = 19.6%, and posterior face of the TEL = 12.6%. The anterior surface of the TEL had significantly higher GCD than did the bulbar and the palpebral regions but not the fornicial regions. Bulbar conjunctiva had significantly lower GCD than did all other conjunctival regions except the posterior surface of the TEL. No significant difference was noted between GCD of male versus female cats, dorsal versus ventral regions or lateral versus medial regions. Conclusions Although conjunctival GCD ranged widely by region, the anterior surface of the TEL appears to be an excellent location for assessing conjunctival goblet cells in cats since this area has high GCD and is more readily accessible than are the palpebral, fornicial, or bulbar conjunctiva.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Goblet cell density and distribution in cats with clinically and histologically normal conjunctiva

Sebbag

Reilly

Eid

et al. 2016

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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“…Previous studies have found that the nictitating membrane is appeared more prominent and well developed in the eye of some vertebrates e.g. birds and reptiles, as well as, many mammals which are exposed to wind, storm, dust, and sand (Schramm et al, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was found that these cytoplasmic extensions are seen also on the bulbar surface of the third eyelid. Schramm et al (1994) pointed out that the densely clustered microvilli exhibit resorptive capacity toward substances with low molecular weights.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The protective apparatus of eye (ocular adnexa) includes lids, glands and muscles, this apparatus revealed significance differences in bird, reptiles, in mammals that reflect a wide range of the activity patterns (Schramm et al 1994; Klec’kowska-Nawrot et al, 2016, 2017). The three eyelids are a common feature in bird, reptiles and in some mammals (Jochems and Philips, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Kinetic of eyelids of little owl Athene noctua

Mahmoud

Shawki

Abdel‐Mageed

et al. 2022

Preprint

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This study gives a comprehensive description of eyelids movement in little owl and discusses the impact of some surrounding conditions in kinetic performance of these eyelids. The present study used the video's recording technique to record the kinetic activity of lids, beside the anatomical, and the histological studies of the eyelids structure. The present authors found that the fundemental eyelids movements can be uniquely and reliably characterized by their anatomical relationships that confirmed also via video record of kinetic performance of these eyelids. The results show that levator palpebrae muscle split into many directions as a main generate motor to increasing the movement of the upper lid. In other side, the contraction of Depressor palpebral inferioris muscle together with the active upward forces of levator palpebrae muscle resultin g in opening the eye. While, the closure of lids arise from the passive downward forces and relaxation of the levator palpebrae and Depressor palpebral inferioris muscle as well as, the cooperation action of retractor anguli oculi lateralis and medialis muscle. The results also recorded that NM movement is reversely proportion to the level of kinetic of other eyelids. . The mobility of Nm in little owl occurs under effect artificially external stress. These anatomical data and sequence video records have confirmed that the upper eyelid move more compare to other lids. The present authors also suggest that the mobility of lids may stimulate through external pressure force of some surrounding structure like periorbital sheet. Also, the histological study exhibited that the structure of two eyelids is very similar in the little owl and the variability are showing in the number of cell layers that forms their epithelium of skin and palpebral surfaces, the distribution of pigment granules within them, as well as, the degree of keratinization on their surface.

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Scanning electron microscopy study of the tarsal and orbital conjunctival surfaces compared to peripheral corneal epithelium in pigmented rabbits

Doughty

1997

Doc Ophthalmol

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The mammalian palpebral conjunctiva has not been systematically evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The upper eyelid of female grey rabbits (2 kg) was fixed in its extended conformation at 15.00 h; some corneas were prepared with the same fixative protocol. The corneal epithelium, within 1 mm of the limbus, is a mosaic of small-to-large (average cell area of 693 m2) squamous cells with light, medium or dark appearance due to different densities of cell surface microplicae. The tarsal conjunctiva was a 1.5 to 3 mm wide mosaic of small (average cell area of 86 microm2) non-desquamating polygonal cells having distinctive light and dark appearances due surface microplicae. The orbital portion of the palpebral conjunctiva is also composed of small (average cell area of 87 microm2) non-desquamating polygonal cells but with a uniform medium-grey appearance due to a relatively consistent density of surface microvilli. Several types of intercellular pore-like openings were also present across the palpebral surface but not the corneal epithelial surface. Very small type 1 pores (1.5 to 5 microm diameter) were present at a density of 480 to 760 / mm2 for the tarsal and 80-160 / mm2 for orbital conjunctiva. Slightly larger (2.5 to 18 microm diameter) type 2 pores with distinct borders were present at 120-200 / mm2 across the orbital conjunctiva. Very large (10-109 microm diameter) type 3 (Henle) pores were present at 40 to 280/mm2 especially at the tarsal/orbital transition zone. Type 4 pores (goblet cell orifices) were oval with a peripheral ring of microvilli and were present at 40 to 160/mm2 for tarsal and 800 to 1600/mm2 for orbital conjunctiva. The rabbit palpebral conjunctival surface is thus distinctly different from the peripheral corneal epithelium across which it slides following eyelid closure.

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Functional morphology of the nictitating membrane in the domestic cat

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

Goblet cell density and distribution in cats with clinically and histologically normal conjunctiva

Goblet cell density and distribution in cats with clinically and histologically normal conjunctiva

Analysis of Kinetic of eyelids of little owl Athene noctua

Scanning electron microscopy study of the tarsal and orbital conjunctival surfaces compared to peripheral corneal epithelium in pigmented rabbits

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