Functional morphology of durophagy in black carp,<scp><i>M</i></scp><i>ylopharyngodon piceus</i>

Gidmark, Nicholas J.; Taylor, Chantel; LoPresti, Eric F.; Brainerd, Elizabeth L.

doi:10.1002/jmor.20430

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Molariform teeth evolved in many vertebrate clades, especially in aquatic environments with a variety of hard-shelled invertebrate prey but also on land [26][27][28][29][30] . Of these examples, the best modern analogues for the dentition of Cartorhynchus lenticarpus are found in teleost fishes of the Family Sparidae, whose skull length and tooth size are comparable to those of C. lenticarpus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated evolution of durophagy during ichthyosaur radiation after mass extinction indicated by hidden dentition

Huang

Motani

Jiang

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Marine tetrapods quickly diversified and were established as marine top predators after the end-Permian Mass extinction (EPME). Ichthyosaurs were the forerunner of this rapid radiation but the main drivers of the diversification are poorly understood. Cartorhynchus lenticarpus is a basal ichthyosauriform with the least degree of aquatic adaptation, holding a key to identifying such a driver. The unique specimen appeared edentulous based on what was exposed but a CT scanning revealed that the species indeed had rounded teeth that are nearly perpendicular to the jaw rami, and thus completely concealed in lateral view. There are three dental rows per jaw ramus, and the root lacks infoldings of the dentine typical of ichthyopterygians. The well-developed and worn molariform dentition with three tooth rows supports the previous inference that the specimen is not of a juvenile. the premaxilla and the corresponding part of the dentary are edentulous. Molariform dentition evolved three to five times independently within Ichthyosauriformes in the Early and Middle Triassic. Convergent exploitation of hard-shelled invertebrates by different subclades of ichthyosauriforms likely fueled the rapid taxonomic diversification of the group after EPME. Many components of the modern ecosystem emerged in the Triassic, after the EPME. One of them is marine tetrapods, air-breathing vertebrates that invaded the sea from land, such as marine mammals and reptiles 1. Marine colonization by tetrapods occurred at least 69 times in the past, 27 of which were in the Mesozoic 2. A high concentration of such colonization events is found soon after the EPME in the Early to Middle Triassic, when multiple lineages of marine tetrapods entered marine environments and radiated quickly to achieve high taxonomic and ecological diversity 3. Some of these lineages gave rise to the iconic marine reptiles of the Jurassic and Cretaceous, such as ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs, that occupied niches similar to those of cetaceans and pinnipeds in the modern sea 4. However, it is still unclear what may have fueled this rapid early diversification. Ichthyosaurs are a group of marine reptiles noted for the evolution of fish-shaped body profiles 5. Typical fish-shaped ichthyosaurs form the clade Parvipelvia, a subclade within Ichthyosauria, which in turn is a part of Ichthyopterygia 6 (Fig. 1). The sister group of ichthyopterygians has been ambiguous but it is now likely that Nasorostra, a recently discovered clade of marine reptiles, is sister to Ichthyopterygia, together belonging to a lineage called Ichthyosauriformes 7. Cartorhynchus lenticarpus was the first nasorostran to be discovered, followed by Sclerocormus parviceps 7,8. Nasorostra are the only ichthyosauriforms to have a combination of features that are expected in the earliest members of the clade soon after marine invasion, such as the abbreviated snout, short body trunk, and pachyostotic ribs. However, Nasorostra have been known only for four years based on two specimens, so our knowledge of the group ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated evolution of durophagy during ichthyosaur radiation after mass extinction indicated by hidden dentition

Huang

Motani

Jiang

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Moreover, the complex, three‐dimensional orientations of feeding system muscles, as well as the three‐dimensional movements and shape changes of the hyolingual apparatus (Kier and Smith, ; Pearson et al, ; German et al, ) are obscured by the tissues of the head and neck. Therefore, skeletal, lingual, and muscle kinematics can currently only be studied simultaneously and with high spatiotemporal resolution using these radiography‐based techniques, which have been successfully applied to feeding in several vertebrate species (Gidmark et al, ; Camp and Brainerd ; Gidmark et al, ; Camp and Brainerd ; Camp et al, ; Gidmark et al, ; Menegaz et al, ). Thus, the field of vertebrate feeding functional morphology stands to reap significant benefits from XROMM, FMM, diceCT, EMG, and their integration.…”

Section: Integrative Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Musculoskeletal Functional Morphology: Integrating diceCT and XROMM

Orsbon

Gidmark

Ross

2018

The Anatomical Record

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The tradeoff between force and velocity in skeletal muscle is a fundamental constraint on vertebrate musculoskeletal design (form:function relationships). Understanding how and why different lineages address this biomechanical problem is an important goal of vertebrate musculoskeletal functional morphology. Our ability to answer questions about the different solutions to this tradeoff has been significantly improved by recent advances in techniques for quantifying musculoskeletal morphology and movement. Herein, we have three objectives: (1) review the morphological and physiological parameters that affect muscle function and how these parameters interact; (2) discuss the necessity of integrating morphological and physiological lines of evidence to understand muscle function and the new, high resolution imaging technologies that do so; and (3) present a method that integrates high spatiotemporal resolution motion capture (XROMM, including its corollary fluoromicrometry), high resolution soft tissue imaging (diceCT), and electromyography to study musculoskeletal dynamics in vivo. The method is demonstrated using a case study of in vivo primate hyolingual biomechanics during chewing and swallowing. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that small deviations in reconstructed hyoid muscle attachment site location introduce an average error of 13.2% to in vivo muscle kinematics. The observed hyoid and muscle kinematics suggest that hyoid elevation is produced by multiple muscles and that fascicle rotation and tendon strain decouple fascicle strain from hyoid movement and whole muscle length. Lastly, we highlight current limitations of these techniques, some of which will likely soon be overcome through methodological improvements, and some of which are inherent. Anat Rec, 301:378-406, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…For example, birds and some other archosaurs use a beak or jaws to seize and rend prey, while a muscular gizzard is used to grind prey further [4]. Most fishes use expansion of the oral jaws for prey capture through suction feeding, but in many cases use pharyngeal dentition ( posterior jaws derived from gill arches) to crush or grind prey [6,7]. In some cartilaginous fishes, notably batoids (skates, stingrays, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Always chew your food: freshwater stingrays use mastication to process tough insect prey

et al. 2016

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Chewing, characterized by shearing jaw motions and high-crowned molar teeth, is considered an evolutionary innovation that spurred dietary diversification and evolutionary radiation of mammals. Complex prey-processing behaviours have been thought to be lacking in fishes and other vertebrates, despite the fact that many of these animals feed on tough prey, like insects or even grasses. We investigated prey capture and processing in the insect-feeding freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro using high-speed videography. We find that Potamotrygon motoro uses asymmetrical motion of the jaws, effectively chewing, to dismantle insect prey. However, CT scanning suggests that this species has simple teeth. These findings suggest that in contrast to mammalian chewing, asymmetrical jaw action is sufficient for mastication in other vertebrates. We also determined that prey capture in these rays occurs through rapid uplift of the pectoral fins, sucking prey beneath the ray's body, thereby dissociating the jaws from a prey capture role. We suggest that the decoupling of prey capture and processing facilitated the evolution of a highly kinetic feeding apparatus in batoid fishes, giving these animals an ability to consume a wide variety of prey, including molluscs, fishes, aquatic insect larvae and crustaceans. We propose Potamotrygon as a model system for understanding evolutionary convergence of prey processing and chewing in vertebrates.

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Functional morphology of durophagy in black carp,Mylopharyngodon piceus

Cited by 16 publications

References 23 publications

Repeated evolution of durophagy during ichthyosaur radiation after mass extinction indicated by hidden dentition

Repeated evolution of durophagy during ichthyosaur radiation after mass extinction indicated by hidden dentition

Dynamic Musculoskeletal Functional Morphology: Integrating diceCT and XROMM

Always chew your food: freshwater stingrays use mastication to process tough insect prey

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