Functional Modeling Identifies Paralogous Solanesyl-diphosphate Synthases That Assemble the Side Chain of Plastoquinone-9 in Plastids

Block, Anna; Fristedt, Rikard; Rogers, Sara; Kumar, Jyothi; Barnes, Brian; Barnes, Joshua E.; Elowsky, Christian; Wamboldt, Yashitola; Mackenzie, Sally A.; Redding, Kevin; Merchant, Sabeeha; Basset, Gilles J.

doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.492769

Cited by 50 publications

(86 citation statements)

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“…The biosynthetic pathways and enzymes involved in the production of PQ-9 and tocopherols in plants have been clarified with genetic, genomic, and biochemical studies in Arabidopsis (DellaPenna and Pogson, 2006;Sadre et al, 2006;Block et al, 2013). Homogentisate (HGA) is the common head group of PQ-9 and tocopherols in plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The solanesyl moiety is generated by the trans-type consecutive condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP; C5) with farnesyl diphosphate (C15) or geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP; C20) and is catalyzed by solanesyl diphosphate synthases (SPSs) (Hirooka et al, 2003). The SPSs of Arabidopsis (SPS1 and SPS2), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (SlSPS), and rice (Oryza sativa) (OsSPS2) produce SPP in vitro, and the enzymes are targeted to the plastids in planta (Jun et al, 2004;Ohara et al, 2010;Block et al, 2013;Jones et al, 2013). The corresponding single or double knockout mutants of Arabidopsis display either reduced or absent production of PQ-9 and PC-8 (Block et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SPSs of Arabidopsis (SPS1 and SPS2), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (SlSPS), and rice (Oryza sativa) (OsSPS2) produce SPP in vitro, and the enzymes are targeted to the plastids in planta (Jun et al, 2004;Ohara et al, 2010;Block et al, 2013;Jones et al, 2013). The corresponding single or double knockout mutants of Arabidopsis display either reduced or absent production of PQ-9 and PC-8 (Block et al, 2013). All three SPS enzymes of Arabidopsis function as homodimers (Hirooka et al, 2003;Jun et al, 2004;Hsieh et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fibrillin 5 Is Essential for Plastoquinone-9 Biosynthesis by Binding to Solanesyl Diphosphate Synthases in Arabidopsis

2015

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Fibrillins are lipid-associated proteins in plastids and are ubiquitous in plants. They accumulate in chromoplasts and sequester carotenoids during the development of flowers and fruits. However, little is known about the functions of fibrillins in leaf tissues. Here, we identified fibrillin 5 (FBN5), which is essential for plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Homozygous fbn5-1 mutations were seedling-lethal, and XVE:FBN5-B transgenic plants expressing low levels of FBN5-B had a slower growth rate and were smaller than wild-type plants. In chloroplasts, FBN5-B specifically interacted with solanesyl diphosphate synthases (SPSs) 1 and 2, which biosynthesize the solanesyl moiety of PQ-9. Plants containing defective FBN5-B accumulated less PQ-9 and its cyclized product, plastochromanol-8, but the levels of tocopherols were not affected. The reduced PQ-9 content of XVE:FBN5-B transgenic plants was consistent with their lower photosynthetic performance and higher levels of hydrogen peroxide under cold stress. These results indicate that FBN5-B is required for PQ-9 biosynthesis through its interaction with SPS. Our study adds FBN5 as a structural component involved in the biosynthesis of PQ-9. FBN5 binding to the hydrophobic solanesyl moiety, which is generated by SPS1 and SPS2, in FBN5-B/SPS homodimeric complexes stimulates the enzyme activity of SPS1 and SPS2.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fibrillin 5 Is Essential for Plastoquinone-9 Biosynthesis by Binding to Solanesyl Diphosphate Synthases in Arabidopsis

2015

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“…1), occur in plastids (Rippert et al, 2009;Tzin and Galili, 2010;Maeda and Dudareva, 2012). Tyr is then translocated into the cytoplasm, where it is converted to homogentisate, which is either oxidized by HGO for catabolism or translocated back into plastids for tocochromanol and plastoquinone biosynthesis (Hunter and Cahoon, 2007;Block et al, 2013). Based on sequence analysis, cytoplasmic localization was predicted for the Arabidopsis homogentisate catabolic enzymes AtHGO, AtMAAI, and AtFAH (Dixon and Edwards, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Homogentisate Dioxygenase as a Target for Vitamin E Biofortification in Oilseeds

et al. 2016

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Soybean (Glycine max) is a major plant source of protein and oil and produces important secondary metabolites beneficial for human health. As a tool for gene function discovery and improvement of this important crop, a mutant population was generated using fast neutron irradiation. Visual screening of mutagenized seeds identified a mutant line, designated MO12, which produced brown seeds as opposed to the yellow seeds produced by the unmodified Williams 82 parental cultivar. Using forward genetic methods combined with comparative genome hybridization analysis, we were able to establish that deletion of the GmHGO1 gene is the genetic basis of the brown seeded phenotype exhibited by the MO12 mutant line. GmHGO1 encodes a homogentisate dioxygenase (HGO), which catalyzes the committed enzymatic step in homogentisate catabolism. This report describes to our knowledge the first functional characterization of a plant HGO gene, defects of which are linked to the human genetic disease alkaptonuria. We show that reduced homogentisate catabolism in a soybean HGO mutant is an effective strategy for enhancing the production of lipid-soluble antioxidants such as vitamin E, as well as tolerance to herbicides that target pathways associated with homogentisate metabolism. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the utility of fast neutron mutagenesis in identifying novel genes that contribute to soybean agronomic traits.

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“…The grinder was then rinsed with 500 l of 95% (v/v) ethanol, and the wash was combined to the initial extract. Insoluble material was removed by centrifugation (5 min at 18,000 ϫ g) and the supernatants were immediately analyzed by HPLC as previously described (60). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetically Programmed Changes in Photosynthetic Cofactor Metabolism in Copper-deficient Chlamydomonas

Strenkert

Limso

Fatihi

et al. 2016

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Genetic and genomic studies indicate that copper deficiency triggers changes in the expression of genes encoding key enzymes in various chloroplast-localized lipid/pigment biosynthetic pathways. Among these are CGL78 involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and HPPD1, encoding 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase catalyzing the committed step of plastoquinone and tocopherol biosyntheses. Copper deficiency in wild-type cells does not change the chlorophyll content, but a survey of chlorophyll protein accumulation in this situation revealed increased accumulation of LHCSR3, which is blocked at the level of mRNA accumulation when either CGL78 expression is reduced or in the crd1 mutant, which has a copper-nutrition conditional defect at the same step in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Again, like copper-deficient crd1 strains, cgl78 knock-down lines also have reduced chlorophyll content concomitant with loss of PSI-LHCI super-complexes and reduced abundance of a chlorophyll binding subunit of PSI, PSAK, which connects LHCI to PSI. For HPPD1, increased mRNA results in increased abundance of the corresponding protein in copper-deficient cells concomitant with CRR1-dependent increased accumulation of ␥-tocopherols, but not plastoquinone-9 nor total tocopherols. In crr1 mutants, where increased HPPD1 expression is blocked, plastochromanol-8, derived from plastoquinone-9 and purported to also have an antioxidant function, is found instead. Although not previously found in algae, this metabolite may occur only in stress conditions.

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Functional Modeling Identifies Paralogous Solanesyl-diphosphate Synthases That Assemble the Side Chain of Plastoquinone-9 in Plastids

Cited by 50 publications

References 46 publications

Fibrillin 5 Is Essential for Plastoquinone-9 Biosynthesis by Binding to Solanesyl Diphosphate Synthases in Arabidopsis

Fibrillin 5 Is Essential for Plastoquinone-9 Biosynthesis by Binding to Solanesyl Diphosphate Synthases in Arabidopsis

Identification of Homogentisate Dioxygenase as a Target for Vitamin E Biofortification in Oilseeds

Genetically Programmed Changes in Photosynthetic Cofactor Metabolism in Copper-deficient Chlamydomonas

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