Functional Identification of Arthrinium phaeospermum Effectors Related to Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis Shoot Blight

Abstract

The shoot blight of Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis caused by Arthrinium phaeospermum made bamboo die in a large area, resulting in serious ecological and economic losses. Dual RNA-seq was used to sequence and analyze the transcriptome data of A. phaeospermum and B. pervariabilis × D. grandis in the four periods after the pathogen infected the host and to screen the candidate effectors of the pathogen related to the infection. After the identification of the effectors by the tobacco transient expression system, the functions of these effectors were verified by gene knockout. Fifty-three differentially expressed candidate effectors were obtained by differential gene expression analysis and effector prediction. Among them, the effectors ApCE12 and ApCE22 can cause programmed cell death in tobacco. The disease index of B. pervariabilis × D. grandis inoculated with mutant ΔApCE12 and mutant ΔApCE22 strains were 52.5% and 47.5%, respectively, which was significantly lower than that of the wild-type strains (80%), the ApCE12 complementary strain (77.5%), and the ApCE22 complementary strain (75%). The tolerance of the mutant ΔApCE12 and mutant ΔApCE22 strains to H2O2 and NaCl stress was significantly lower than that of the wild-type strain and the ApCE12 complementary and ApCE22 complementary strains, but there was no difference in their tolerance to Congo red. Therefore, this study shows that the effectors ApCE12 and ApCE22 play an important role in A. phaeospermum virulence and response to H2O2 and NaCl stress.

The carpal tunnel syndrome caused by Arthrinium phaeospermum infection: first case report and literature review

“…In recent years, the development of mNGS technology has brought new opportunities for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, and has been widely used in the detection of bacterial and viral infections. 17 Genomic sequencing can detect all pathogen information in body uid and tissue samples by non-speci c ampli cation and direct sequencing of all genomic DNA, enabling detection of unknown pathogens. This provides strong support for the diagnosis of infectious diseases.…”

Systematic identification and functional characterization of the CFEM proteins in fishscale bamboo rhombic-spot pathogen Neostagonosporella sichuanensis

“…However, the DNsCFEM2 knockout strain was not significantly different from the wild-type strain in terms of pathogenicity. The wild type strain suppresses immune processes by utilizing and metabolizing reactive oxygen species (Fang et al, 2022). Nevertheless, when the reactive oxygen species metabolism was reduced in the knockout strains, either DNsCFEM1 or DNsCFEM2, host fishscale bamboo failed to suppress its immune response owing to the production of high levels of reactive oxygen species, and the sensitivity of the DNsCFEM1 knockout strain to reactive oxygen species was markedly more susceptible to reactive oxygen species than the other strains.…”

Verification of the Interaction Target Protein of the Effector ApCE22 of Arthrinium phaeospermum in Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis

“…The functions of these effectors are mainly realized by directly acting on the target genes of host plants [ 16 ]. In addition, ApCE22 effectors in A. phaeospermum have been proved to have positive effects on its virulence and can inhibit the immune response of host plants [ 17 ]. Therefore, the screening and identification of A. phaeospermum effector ApCE22 interaction targets in host plants are particularly important in the study of B. pervariabilis × D. grandis shoot blight.…”

“…A. phaeospermum effector ApCE22 has been identified from the Dual seq sequencing data of A. phaeospermum and B. pervariabilis × D. grandis . ApCE22 has been proved to be an effector related to the virulence of A. phaeospermum in previous studies, and it could participate in hydrogen peroxide metabolism and thus inhibit the PTI response of host plants [ 17 ]. However, the interaction target protein of effector ApCE22 in the host hybrid bamboo is still unclear, which greatly limits the research progress of pathogenic mechanisms and host disease-resistance mechanisms.…”