Functional hypertrophy and atrophy of the salivary glands of rats

Wells, Herbert; Peronace, Angela A. V.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.212.2.247

Cited by 74 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…The fact that after severance of the auriculo-temporal nerve the bulk diet failed to cause a similar increase in weight of the parotid gland seems to suggest that the cholinergic innervation left is not sufficient to cause the gland to respond to this kind of diet and that the sympathetic nervous system apparently plays a minor role in the hypertrophy of the gland, as also suggested by Wells and Peronace [1967].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…If a liquid diet is given to rats the parotid gland atrophies [Hall and Schneyer, 1964;Wells and Peronace, 1967] and the choline acetyltransferase activity of the gland decreases [Ekstrom, 1973]; the diet appears to diminish the traffic of secretory impulses to the gland. It seems reasonable that a dry, cellulose rich diet would have the opposite effect, increasing the reflexly elicited stimulation of the gland; such a diet has, in fact, been found to cause a gain in weight of the salivary glands [Wells, 1967;Wells and Peronace, 1967]. Another way of increasing reflexly the flow of secretory impulses to the glands would be to produce dryness of the oral mucosa by giving an atropine-like drug.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in Rat Salivary Glands After Cellulose Rich Diet or Treatment With an Atropine‐like Drug

Ekström

1974

Exp Physiol

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When rats are fed on dry, cellulose rich diet the choline acetyltransferase activity of the parotid gland increases, provided the auriculo-temporal nerve is intact. Dryness of the oral mucosa produced by atropinization is also followed by an increase in enzyme activity of the gland. It is suggested that the increased activity of the acetylcholinesynthesizing enzyme is due to enhanced traffic of secretory impulses in the parasympathetic nerves to the gland, reflexly elicited by the two kinds of treatment.When parasympathetic neurones of salivary glands are disconnected from the central nervous system a gradual decrease of the capacity to synthesize acetylcholine in the glands occurs, as judged by the activity of choline acetyltransferase [Nordenfelt, 1964;Ekstrom and Holmberg, 1972a]. If a liquid diet is given to rats the parotid gland atrophies [Hall and Schneyer, 1964;Wells and Peronace, 1967] and the choline acetyltransferase activity of the gland decreases [Ekstrom, 1973]; the diet appears to diminish the traffic of secretory impulses to the gland. It seems reasonable that a dry, cellulose rich diet would have the opposite effect, increasing the reflexly elicited stimulation of the gland; such a diet has, in fact, been found to cause a gain in weight of the salivary glands [Wells, 1967;Wells and Peronace, 1967]. Another way of increasing reflexly the flow of secretory impulses to the glands would be to produce dryness of the oral mucosa by giving an atropine-like drug.In the present experiments the effect of a dry diet or of prolonged atropinization on the choline acetyltransferase activity of salivary glands was studied. One series of animals was exposed to both measures. METHODSAltogether eighty-six rats, 3-7 months old, of a Sprague-Dawley strain bred at this Institute were used. Litter mates served as controls. Food and water were given ad libitum. The experiments were performed as follows:1. Treatment with bulk diet. The control rats were given a pelleted standard diet for rats (Astra-Ewos), while litter mates received a pelleted bulk diet made from the standard diet but containing 20% cellulose instead of the usual 3%. This bulk diet was considered to be suitable, since it caused about the same body-weight changes as the standard diet. In preliminary experiments a diet of about 50% cellulose was tried, but this content of cellulose led to body-weight losses and reduction of the weights of the submaxillary glands. Moreover, some of the operated rats died during the experimental period when given food with such a high content of cellulose.Eighteen male rats were used for the study on the choline acetyltransferase activity 191

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

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confidence: 99%

Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in Rat Salivary Glands After Cellulose Rich Diet or Treatment With an Atropine‐like Drug

Ekström

1974

Exp Physiol

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“…Such a consequence would be consistent with previous studies that have reported atrophy of the salivary glands following denervation. [67][68][69] Thus, increasing the activity of neurons involved in basal tearing would be beneficial to the overall health of the tear-producing glands.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menthol Activation of Corneal Cool Cells Induces TRPM8-Mediated Lacrimation but Not Nociceptive Responses in Rodents

Robbins

Kurose

Winterson

et al. 2012

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. Stimulation to the cornea via noxious chemical and mechanical means evokes tearing, blinking, and pain. In contrast, mild cooling of the ocular surface has been reported to increase lacrimation via activation of corneal cool primary afferent neurons. The purpose of our study was to determine whether menthol induces corneal cool cell activity and lacrimation via the transient receptor potential melastatin-8 (TRPM8) channel without evoking nociceptive responses.METHODS. Tear measurements were made using a cotton thread in TRPM8 wild type and knockout mice after application of menthol (0.05-50 mM) to the cornea. In additional studies, nocifensive responses (eye swiping and lid closure) were quantified following cornea menthol application. Trigeminal ganglion electrophysiologic single unit recordings were performed in rats to determine the effect of low and high concentrations of menthol on corneal cool cells. RESULTS.At low concentrations, menthol increased tear production in TRPM8 wild type and heterozygous animals, but had no effect in TRPM8 knockout mice, while nocifensive responses remained unaffected. At the highest concentration, menthol (50 mM) increased tearing and nocifensive responses in TRPM8 wild type and knockout animals. A low concentration of menthol (0.1 mM) increased cool cell activity, yet a high concentration of menthol (50 mM) had no effect.CONCLUSIONS. These studies indicated that low concentrations of menthol can increase lacrimation via TRPM8 channels without evoking nocifensive behaviors. At high concentrations, menthol can induce lacrimation and nocifensive behaviors in a TRPM8 independent mechanism. The increase in lacrimation is likely due to an increase in cool cell activity. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:7034-7042)

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“…Interestingly, a dose of 5Â10 9 VP per gland led to a marked production of hPTH by the submandibular glands compared with the parotid glands. The reason for this dramatic difference in vector dose responsiveness between the two glands is likely due to several factors including differences in secretory pathways, size (Wells and Peronace, 1967;Johannsson and Ryberg, 1991), protein synthesis (Kuijper-Lenstra et al, 1975;Proctor et al, 1993), and adenoviral receptor distribution (Delporte et al, 1997). Nonetheless, the present findings on the pattern of transgenic hPTH secretion from rat parotid glands suggest the potential for a clinical application of parotid gland gene transfer in patients with hypoparathyroidism.…”

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confidence: 99%

Human Parathyroid Hormone Is Secreted Primarily into the Bloodstream After Rat Parotid Gland Gene Transfer

et al. 2011

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Hypoparathyroidism is a hormone deficiency syndrome that leads to low blood calcium levels and for which current replacement therapy is inadequate. Gene transfer to salivary glands leads to safe and abundant secretion of therapeutic protein into either saliva or the bloodstream. We previously reported the successful transduction of rat submandibular glands with an adenoviral vector encoding human parathyroid hormone (Ad.hPTH), but unfortunately most of the hPTH was secreted into saliva. Because submandibular and parotid glands are morphologically and functionally different, we hypothesized that hPTH sorting might be different in parotid glands. After 2 days, the pattern of hPTH secretion from transduced parotid glands of intact rats was reversed from that of transduced submandibular glands, that is, most transgenic hPTH was detected in serum (5Â10 10 viral particles per gland; the saliva-to-serum ratio of total hPTH secreted was 0.04). Vector copies were localized to the targeted parotid glands, with none detected in liver or spleen. Ad.hPTH next was administered to parotid glands of parathyroidectomized rats. Two days after delivery no hPTH was detectable in saliva, but high levels were found in serum, leading to normalization of serum calcium and a significant increase in the urinary phosphorus-to-creatinine ratio. This study demonstrates for the first time differential sorting of transgenic hPTH between submandibular and parotid glands, suggesting that hPTH may be a valuable model protein for understanding the molecular basis of transgenic secretory protein sorting in these exocrine glands. We also show the clinical potential of salivary gland hPTH gene therapy for patients with hypoparathyroidism.

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Functional hypertrophy and atrophy of the salivary glands of rats

Cited by 74 publications

References 0 publications

Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in Rat Salivary Glands After Cellulose Rich Diet or Treatment With an Atropine‐like Drug

Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in Rat Salivary Glands After Cellulose Rich Diet or Treatment With an Atropine‐like Drug

Menthol Activation of Corneal Cool Cells Induces TRPM8-Mediated Lacrimation but Not Nociceptive Responses in Rodents

Human Parathyroid Hormone Is Secreted Primarily into the Bloodstream After Rat Parotid Gland Gene Transfer

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