Functional histology of human scrotal wall layers and their overlooked relation with infertility: a narrative review

Raad, Georges; Massaad, Vinal; Serdaroğullari, Münevver; Bakos, Hassan W.; Issa, Rita; Khachan, Maria Joy; Makhlouf, Nay; Mourad, Youmna; Fakih, Chadi; Fakih, Fadi

doi:10.1038/s41443-022-00573-5

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…This mechanism is related to testicular temperature maintenance, which is essential for spermatogenesis to occur normally. In species that the testis are inside the scrotum, the temperature of the gonads must be between 4° and 7° C below body temperature ( 51 , 52 ).…”

Section: Testicular Morphophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The testis are paired organs located outside the abdominal cavity inside the scrotum. The testicular surface is covered by the tunica albuginea, with a thickness of 1 to 2 mm, composed of collagen fibers and containing the blood vessels (testicular artery and testicular vein) that are visible on the testicular surface, in which each species present a characteristic pattern (49,50).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomaterials for Testicular Bioengineering: How far have we come and where do we have to go?

et al. 2023

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Traditional therapeutic interventions aim to restore male fertile potential or preserve sperm viability in severe cases, such as semen cryopreservation, testicular tissue, germ cell transplantation and testicular graft. However, these techniques demonstrate several methodological, clinical, and biological limitations, that impact in their results. In this scenario, reproductive medicine has sought biotechnological alternatives applied for infertility treatment, or to improve gamete preservation and thus increase reproductive rates in vitro and in vivo. One of the main approaches employed is the biomimetic testicular tissue reconstruction, which uses tissue-engineering principles and methodologies. This strategy pursues to mimic the testicular microenvironment, simulating physiological conditions. Such approach allows male gametes maintenance in culture or produce viable grafts that can be transplanted and restore reproductive functions. In this context, the application of several biomaterials have been proposed to be used in artificial biological systems. From synthetic polymers to decellularized matrixes, each biomaterial has advantages and disadvantages regarding its application in cell culture and tissue reconstruction. Therefore, the present review aims to list the progress that has been made and the continued challenges facing testicular regenerative medicine and the preservation of male reproductive capacity, based on the development of tissue bioengineering approaches for testicular tissue microenvironment reconstruction.

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Section: Testicular Morphophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomaterials for Testicular Bioengineering: How far have we come and where do we have to go?

et al. 2023

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“…First they were treated with two (2) changes of 70% ethanol each lasting for one hour followed by 95% ethanol and then absolute ethanol for the same duration. Following dehydration, the tissue were cleared in three changes of xylene each lasting for fifteen minutes (11).…”

Section: Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Profile of Musa Paradisiaca Aqueous Fruit- Extract in Testis of Normal Rat

Obeten¹

2021

KJHS

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Musa paradisiaca (plantain) is one of the common staple foods in East Africa. The leaves, roots, and fruits have been a revolutionary traditional remedy in the management of male sexual infertility. This study aimed at evaluating the safety profile of plantain aqueous fruit-extract in the testis of male rats. Thirty Adult Wistar albino rats weighing about 100–150 g in body weight (bw) were used in this study. They were divided into three (3) groups of 10 animals each (n=10). Groups I received water only. Groups II and III received low (200 mg/kg bw) and high (400 mg/kg bw) doses of plantain, respectively. The animals were allowed free access to rat feed and water. The extract was given once daily for 21 days via the oral route. The histomorphology of the testis was performed using Masson’s Trichrome staining technique, while the sperm profile was analyzed using a Makler counting chamber with Olympus Microscope. Plantain administration in normal rats significantly increased the body weights of the rats. Seminal analysis showed improved sperm parameters in treated rats, but rats in the highdose group presented a high level of agglutination compared to rats in the control and low -dose groups. Histological observations showed mild-to-moderate proliferation of cells in the testicular germ layer of the treated rats, indicating enhanced spermatogenesis. Testicular morphology in the group that received high dose showed mild degenerative changes in their testicular germ layer. Plantain, at moderate consumption can improve testicular activity and reproductive health in male while at a high consumption rate it may cause mild degenerative changes in the testicular germ layer.

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Vaginal self-lubrication following peritoneal, penile inversion, and colonic gender-affirming vaginoplasty: a physiologic, anatomic, and histologic review

O'Dwyer

Kumar

Wassersug

et al. 2023

Sexual Medicine Reviews

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Introduction Vaginal self-lubrication is central to the sexual satisfaction and healthy genitourinary function of patients who have undergone gender-affirming vaginoplasty (GAV). Secretory capacities of different neovaginal lining tissues have been variably described in the literature, with little evidence-based consensus on their success in providing a functionally self-lubricating neovagina. We review the existing neovaginal lubrication data and the anatomy, histology, and physiology of penile and scrotal skin, colon, and peritoneum to better characterize their capacity to be functionally self-lubricating when used as neovaginal lining. Objectives The study sought to review and compare the merits of penile and scrotal skin grafts, spatulated urethra, colon, and peritoneal flaps to produce functional lubrication analogous to that of the natal vagina in the setting of GAV. Methods We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Medline, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies published prior to December 12, 2022, that (1) included data specific to transfeminine individuals; (2) were full-text randomized controlled studies, case reports, case series, retrospective cohort studies, prospective cohort studies, qualitative studies, and cross-sectional studies; and (3) included specific discussion of vaginal lubrication or fluid secretion following GAV utilizing penile skin, colonic tissue, or peritoneum. Results We identified 580 studies, of which 28 met our inclusion criteria. Data on neovaginal lubrication were limited to qualitative clinician observations, patient-reported outcomes, and satisfaction measures. No studies quantifying neovaginal secretions were identified for any GAV graft or flap technique. Anatomically, penile and scrotal skin have no self-lubricating potential, though penile inversion vaginoplasty may produce some sexually responsive secretory fluid when urethral tissue is incorporated and lubricating genitourinary accessory glands are retained. Colonic and peritoneal tissues both have secretory capacity, but fluid production by these tissues is continuous, nonresponsive to sexual arousal, and likely inappropriate in volume, and so may not meet the needs or expectations of some patients. The impact of surgical tissue translocation on their innate secretory function has not been documented. Conclusions None of penile/scrotal skin, colon, or peritoneum provides functional neovaginal lubrication comparable to that of the adult natal vagina. Each tissue has limitations, particularly with respect to inappropriate volume and/or chronicity of secretions. The existing evidence does not support recommending one GAV technique over others based on lubrication outcomes. Finally, difficulty distinguishing between physiologic and pathologic neovaginal fluid secretion may confound the assessment of neovaginal self-lubrication, as many pathologies of the neovagina present with symptomatic discharge.

show abstract

Functional histology of human scrotal wall layers and their overlooked relation with infertility: a narrative review

Cited by 4 publications

References 86 publications

Biomaterials for Testicular Bioengineering: How far have we come and where do we have to go?

Biomaterials for Testicular Bioengineering: How far have we come and where do we have to go?

Safety Profile of Musa Paradisiaca Aqueous Fruit- Extract in Testis of Normal Rat

Vaginal self-lubrication following peritoneal, penile inversion, and colonic gender-affirming vaginoplasty: a physiologic, anatomic, and histologic review

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