“…Fernandez; Wendt et al., 2011), but molecular analysis with isoenzymes did not find relevant differentiation (Martins et al., 2007), and E. espiritosantensis is no longer considered a valid species. Populations with smaller seeds are found in defaunated forests, as a consequence of a rapid evolutionary change driven by the ecological extinction of large‐gaped birds (Carvalho, Ribeiro, Cortes, Galetti, & Collevatti, 2015; Galetti et al., 2013). Molecular analyses have corroborated the explanations of population divergences according to the site of origin (Gaiotto, Grattapaglia, & Vencovsky, 2003) and to forest fragmentation levels (Carvalho et al., 2015), but neither the investigation of adaptive molecular divergence with SNPs, nor reciprocal transplant experiments, had been performed for E. edulis so far.…”