Functional expression of CCL6 by rat microglia: A possible role of CCL6 in cell–cell communication

Kanno, Motoko; Suzuki, Shunji; Fujiwara, Takashi; Yokoyama, Akiko; Sakamoto, Aiji; Takahashi, Hiroyuki; Imai, Yoshinori; Tanaka, Junya

doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.06.028

Cited by 37 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…It acts as a macrophage chemoattractant (42) and is highly expressed in, peripheral eosinophils and elicited macrophages (42,43), as well as lung tissue (44,45) and epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa (46). The mRNA present in RLT lysis lavage samples from the upper respiratory tract is predominantly derived from epithelial cells of the mucosal barrier, suggesting that these cells are a likely source of CCL6 during pneumococcal colonization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensing of Interleukin-1 Cytokines during Streptococcus pneumoniae Colonization Contributes to Macrophage Recruitment and Bacterial Clearance

2015

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Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus), a leading cause of bacterial disease, is most commonly carried in the human nasopharynx. Colonization induces inflammation that promotes the organism's growth and transmission. This inflammatory response is dependent on intracellular sensing of bacterial components that access the cytosolic compartment via the pneumococcal pore-forming toxin pneumolysin. In vitro, cytosolic access results in cell death that includes release of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1␤ (IL-1␤). IL-1 family cytokines, including IL-1␤, are secreted upon activation of inflammasomes, although the role of this activation in the host immune response to pneumococcal carriage is unknown. Using a murine model of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization, we show that mice deficient in the interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (Il1r1 ؊/؊ ) have reduced numbers of neutrophils early after infection, fewer macrophages later in carriage, and prolonged bacterial colonization. Moreover, intranasal administration of Il-1␤ promoted clearance. Macrophages are the effectors of clearance, and characterization of macrophage chemokines in colonized mice revealed that Il1r1 ؊/؊ mice have lower expression of the C-C motif chemokine ligand 6 (CCL6), correlating with reduced macrophage recruitment to the nasopharynx. IL-1 family cytokines are known to promote adaptive immunity; however, we observed no difference in the development of humoral or cellular immunity to pneumococcal colonization between wild-type and Il1r1 ؊/؊ mice. Our findings show that sensing of IL-1 cytokines during colonization promotes inflammation without immunity, which may ultimately benefit the pneumococcus. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that is responsible for over 1 million deaths annually, mostly in children under the age of 5 years (1). The pneumococcus serially colonizes the mucosal surfaces of the human upper respiratory tract, and carriage of the organism provides the reservoir for all pneumococcal disease (2). Colonization induces airway inflammation that is characterized by a suppurative rhinitis and increased mucus secretion. These secretions promote bacterial growth (3), and inflammation is important for bacterial transmission in a viral coinfection model (4). Human studies have demonstrated that higher bacterial burdens are correlated with a more profound rhinitis (5); however, as a result of this inflammatory response, colonization is normally cleared by the host's immune system within several weeks (6).A well-defined murine model of pneumococcal colonization (7) has elucidated bacterial and host factors that are critical to immune recognition of the pneumococcus, which drives the eventual resolution of the carrier state. Although early colonization triggers the recruitment of neutrophils, these are ineffective at resolving the infection. Clearance of pneumococci from the upper airway over a period of weeks requires a sustained presence of macrophages in the nasopharynx (8). Althou...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensing of Interleukin-1 Cytokines during Streptococcus pneumoniae Colonization Contributes to Macrophage Recruitment and Bacterial Clearance

2015

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“…33 Lysz is an inducible marker of phagocytosis expressed during microglia activation after neuronal injury. 34 The chemokine Ccl6 acts as mediator of astrocyte and microglia migration in vitro, 35 whereas the secreted phosphoprotein Spp1, participates in cellular attachment. 36 Egr1 induces the expression of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-␣ or macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-Wide Expression Profiling of the Retinoschisin-Deficient Retina in Early Postnatal Mouse Development

Gehrig

Langmann

Horling

et al. 2007

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…It is thus of importance to note that both MCP1 and RANTES were also respectively down-regulated 10-( p Ͻ 0.001) and 7-( p Ͻ 0.01) fold in RTL551-treated spinal cords. CCL6 is produced primarily by microglia and macrophages and acts in an autocrine manner as a potent chemo-attractant of macrophages in CNS (Asensio et al, 1999;Kanno et al, 2005). CXCR2, the receptor for CXCL2, was down-regulated 13 ( p Ͻ 0.01) fold in the RTL551-treated spinal cords.…”

Section: Effects Of Rtl551 Therapy On Expression Of Chemokines/receptmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Promising Therapeutic Approach for Multiple Sclerosis: Recombinant T-Cell Receptor Ligands Modulate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Reducing Interleukin-17 Production and Inhibiting Migration of Encephalitogenic Cells into the CNS

Sinha¹,

Subramanian²,

Proctor³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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Functional expression of CCL6 by rat microglia: A possible role of CCL6 in cell–cell communication

Cited by 37 publications

References 42 publications

Sensing of Interleukin-1 Cytokines during Streptococcus pneumoniae Colonization Contributes to Macrophage Recruitment and Bacterial Clearance

Sensing of Interleukin-1 Cytokines during Streptococcus pneumoniae Colonization Contributes to Macrophage Recruitment and Bacterial Clearance

Genome-Wide Expression Profiling of the Retinoschisin-Deficient Retina in Early Postnatal Mouse Development

A Promising Therapeutic Approach for Multiple Sclerosis: Recombinant T-Cell Receptor Ligands Modulate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Reducing Interleukin-17 Production and Inhibiting Migration of Encephalitogenic Cells into the CNS

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