“…[3][4][5][6] However, despite the fact that both of these cytokines bind to the same receptor and can equally support cell growth and survival, they achieve this by triggering different chemokine responses. 4,7 The CSF1R signaling pathway is in general critical for the proliferation, differentiation, survival, and activation of mononuclear phagocytic cells (MPCs) such as monocytes, macrophages, osteoclasts, or microglia in mammals, [8][9][10] birds, 11,12 and fish. 13 Deregulation of the CSF1R pathway was connected to disease phenotypes 14 such as osteopetrosis, 9,10,15,16 brain disease, [17][18][19][20] or cancer.…”