Functional evaluation of marine-derived tocopherol, a minor homolog of vitamin E, on adipocyte differentiation and inflammation using 3T3-L1 and RAW264.7 cells

Abstract

Marine-derived tocopherol (MDT), which is typically found in marine organisms that inhabit cold water, is a monounsaturated tocol having vitamin E (VE) activity. To evaluate the functionality of this minor VE homolog, we have studied the influence of MDT on adipocyte differentiation and the production of inflammatory factors in mouse cell line 3T3-L1 adipocytes and mouse monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with 10 and 20 μM MDT during differentiation enhanced lipid accumulation and concurrently upregulated peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein expression. Compared to the control adipocytes, MDT treatment also increased the secretion and gene expression of adiponectin, while it decreased the secretion and gene expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Treatment with MDT resulted in higher adipogenesis activity and higher regulation of inflammatory factors than did treatment with α-and γ-tocopherol, the predominant homologous series of VE. MDT-treated RAW264.7 cells showed significantly decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion compared to the control RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that MDT could have a potential role for preventing obesityrelated inflammation progressing to metabolic disorders.

Metabolomics of healthy and stony coral tissue loss disease affected Montastraea cavernosa corals

“…Detection of tocomonoenol in culture extracts suggests that the origin of this molecule is endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae, again supporting that culture-based strategy could facilitate description of individual contributions of each partner of the holobiont. Indeed, the chloroplastassociated antioxidant alpha-tocopherol was observed to be accumulated in intracellular metabolite pools of symbionts during thermal bleaching (Hillyer et al, 2017) and the antioxidant activity of tocomonoenol and other tocopherols have been previously explored (Yamamoto et al, 1999;Beppu et al, 2020). The annotation of the tocomonoenol was enabled by the in silico tool MolDiscovery and supported by the MS 2 spectra for α-tocopherol available in the NIST database (Figure 10B).…”

Application of Partial Hydrogenation for the Generation of Minor Tocochromanol Homologs and Functional Evaluation of Hydrogenated Tocotrienol-rich Vitamin E Oil in Diabetic Obese Mice

“…Moreover, γ-T3 was found to inhibit the activation of nuclear factor kappa B, which leads to an inflammatory action, whereas γ-Toc does not. Furthermore, we previously reported that MDT induces adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells with high activity relative to α-Toc, suggesting that the side-chain structure affects not only the potency but also the functional properties 10 . These lines of evidence suggest that the number and position of double bonds in the side-chain affect the VE activity.…”

Metabolomics of Healthy and Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease Affected Montastraea cavernosa Corals

“…Detection of tocomonoenol in culture extracts suggests that the origin of this molecule is endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae, again supporting that culture-based strategy could facilitate description of individual contributions of each partner of the holobiont. Indeed, the chloroplast-associated antioxidant alpha-tocopherol was observed to be accumulated in intracellular metabolite pools of symbionts during thermal bleaching (Hillyer et al, 2017) and the antioxidant activity of tocomonoenol and other tocopherols have been previously explored (Yamamoto et al, 1999;Beppu et al, 2020). The annotation of the tocomonoenol was enabled by FIGURE 10 | α-Tocopherol and related metabolites.…”