Functional diversification of Flowering Locus T homologs in soybean: GmFT1a and GmFT2a/5a have opposite roles in controlling flowering and maturation

Liu, Wei; Jiang, Bingjun; Ma, Liming; Zhang, Shouwei; Zhai, Hong; Xu, Xin; Hou, Wensheng; Xia, Zhengjun; Wu, Cunxiang; Sun, Shi; Wu, Tingting; Chen, Li; Han, Tianfu

doi:10.1111/nph.14884

Cited by 103 publications

(111 citation statements)

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“…Based on the results of the present study and previous reports (Liu et al, ;Lu et al, ; Yue et al, ), we propose a ‘weight’ model for soybean flowering under SD and LD conditions (Figure ). In this model, we consider that the transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth is due to the balance of flowering activators and FIs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…GmFT4 is known to act as a floral repressor, and its function is similar to that of TFL1 ( TERMINAL FLOWER 1 ) in Arabidopsis (Zhai et al, ). Transgenic overexpression of GmFT1a delayed flowering and maturation in soybean, confirming that GmFT1a also functions as a flowering inhibitor (FI; Liu et al, ). The results suggest that FT proteins have undergone functional divergence in soybean.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The open reading frame (ORF) of GmFT2b was fused with the 5′ end of the GFP gene sequence in a construct under control of the CaMV 35S promoter. The GmFT2b gene was cloned into the p16318 plasmid (Liu et al, ). The recombinant fusion plasmids were introduced into onion epidermal cells by particle bombardment using a CaMV 35S:eGFP vector as control.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soybean adaption to high‐latitude regions is associated with natural variations of GmFT2b, an ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS T

Chen

Cai

et al. 2020

Plant Cell & Environment

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Day length has an important influence on flowering and growth habit in many plant species. In crops such as soybean, photoperiod sensitivity determines the geographical range over which a given cultivar can grow and flower. The soybean genome contains ~10 genes homologous to FT, a central regulator of flowering from Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the precise roles of these soybean FTs are not clearly. Here we show that one such gene, GmFT2b, promotes flowering under long‐days (LDs). Overexpression of GmFT2b upregulates expression of flowering‐related genes which are important in regulating flowering time. We propose a ‘weight’ model for soybean flowering under short‐day (SD) and LD conditions. Furthermore, we examine GmFT2b sequences in 195 soybean cultivars, as well as flowering phenotypes, geographical distributions and maturity groups. We found that Hap3, a major GmFT2b haplotype, is associated with significantly earlier flowering at higher latitudes. We anticipate our assay to provide important resources for the genetic improvement of soybean, including new germplasm for soybean breeding, and also increase our understanding of functional diversity in the soybean FT gene family.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soybean adaption to high‐latitude regions is associated with natural variations of GmFT2b, an ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS T

Chen

Cai

et al. 2020

Plant Cell & Environment

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“…GmFULa , a homolog of GmFULc (Glyma05g0738), promoted flowering and maturation in soybean (Jia et al ., ). Soybean GmFT1a delayed flowering by repressing the expression of GmFULa (Liu et al ., ). In addition, Arabidopsis flowering integrator FT regulated FUL accumulation in Arabidopsis leaves and contributed to the transition to flowering (Teper‐Bamnolker and Samach, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Natural variation in GmGBP1 promoter affects photoperiod control of flowering time and maturity in soybean

Zhao

et al. 2018

The Plant Journal

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These authors contributed equally to this work. SUMMARYThe present study screened for polymorphisms in coding and non-coding regions of the GmGBP1 gene in 278 soybean accessions with variable maturity and growth habit characteristics under natural field conditions in three different latitudes in China. The results showed that the promoter region was highly diversified compared with the coding sequence of GmGBP1. Five polymorphisms and four haplotypes were closely related to soybean flowering time and maturity through association and linkage disequilibrium analyses. Varieties with the polymorphisms SNP_-796G, SNP_-770G, SNP_-307T, InDel_-242normal, SNP_353A, or haplotypes Hap-3 and Hap-4 showed earlier flowering time and maturity in different environments. The shorter growth period might be largely due to higher GmGBP1 expression levels in soybean that were caused by the TCT-motif with SNP_-796G in the promoter. In contrast, the lower expression level of GmGBP1 in soybean caused by RNAi interference of GmGBP1 resulted in a longer growth period under different day lengths. Furthermore, the gene interference of GmGBP1 also caused a reduction in photoperiod response sensitivity (PRS) before flowering in soybean. RNA-seq analysis on GmGBP1 underexpression in soybean showed that 94 and 30 predicted genes were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Of these, the diurnal photoperiod-specific expression pattern of three significant flowering time genes GmFT2a, GmFT5a, and GmFULc also showed constantly lower mRNA levels in GmGBP1-i soybean than in wild type, especially under short day conditions. Together, the results showed that GmGBP1 functioned as a positive regulator upstream of GmFT2a and GmFT5a to activate the expression of GmFULc to promote flowering on short days.

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“…In all seed crops, flowering is a major factor that determines the production of seed dry matter and the yield potential (JUNG and MÜLLER, 2009) and photoperiod has a key role in flowering induction (HOWELL, 1998). At least 10 homologs of the Flowering Locus T (FT) gene, which is part of the 'florigen' signal (ZEEVAART, 2006), have been discovered in soybean; some of these homologs were found to control flowering behaviour and consequently may enable the high adaptability of this crop (LIU et al, 2017). Nevertheless, different soybean cultivars can only truly fulfil their full yield potential within the narrow range of latitudes they are specifically adapted to (WATANABE et al, 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Agronomic performance and stability of seed, protein and oil yields of seven soybean cultivars determined in field experiments in Slovenia

et al. 2019

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The environment can have a crucial influence on soybean production in particular regions, even more so when production environments are different from breeding environments. Therefore, soybean cultivars must be evaluated in field trials at various locations in order to explore the duration of the growing period and capacity of yield, which is based on interactions between genotype and environment. Seven soybean cultivars originating from five European countries were evaluated for thousand-seed weight, seed, protein and oil yields and protein and oil contents in five environments in Slovenia. Yield stability of seed, protein and oil was determined in order to select best genotype. Results showed that cultivar and environment had a significant impact on all measured variables. In almost all tested environments the best seed, protein and oil yielding cultivars were ES Mentor (3425-5628 kg seed/ha, 1280-2192 kg protein/ha, 640.8-918.9 kg oil/ha) and NS Mercury (3468-5342 kg seed/ha, 1266-2071 kg protein/ha, 618.6-880.7 kg oil/ha). The highest average protein content was found in NS Favorit (41.0% of DW). Volma had the highest average oil content (20.2%). Three yield stability indices were used to assess yield stability; in terms of Shukla?s variance (?i2) and S square Wricke?s ecovalence (Wi2), Josefine turned out to have most stable seed and oil yields, while ES Mentor had most stable protein yields. Regarding Kang?s yield stability (YSi), which makes simultaneous selection for mean yield and stability and is therefore most relevant for practical usage, ES Mentor, NS Mercury and NS Favorit were selected as superior genotypes regarding stability of seed, protein and oil in this study. Correlation analysis of some chosen traits showed different interdependence between measured variables depending on the environment. As expected, protein and oil contents were negatively correlated, yet this was only significant in one environment. The results of this study pointed out that among the seven tested cultivars, ES Mentor, NS Mercury and NS Favorit were best genotypes and are highly recommended for usage in soybean production in Slovenia.

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Functional diversification of Flowering Locus T homologs in soybean: GmFT1a and GmFT2a/5a have opposite roles in controlling flowering and maturation

Cited by 103 publications

References 48 publications

Soybean adaption to high‐latitude regions is associated with natural variations of GmFT2b, an ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS T

Soybean adaption to high‐latitude regions is associated with natural variations of GmFT2b, an ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS T

Natural variation in GmGBP1 promoter affects photoperiod control of flowering time and maturity in soybean

Agronomic performance and stability of seed, protein and oil yields of seven soybean cultivars determined in field experiments in Slovenia

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