Functional divergence of diterpene syntheses in the medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge

Discovery, Biosynthesis and Stress-Related Accumulation of Dolabradiene-Derived Defenses in Maize

“…Notably, ZmAN2 does not cluster with any class I diTPSs in the maize genome, illustrating a different genomic organization of diterpenoid metabolism in maize as compared with rice and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), where several specialized diterpenoid pathways form functional biosynthetic clusters (Matsuba et al, 2013;Nützmann et al, 2016). However, the presence of the uncharacterized class II diTPSs ZmCPS3 and ZmCPS4 suggests that specialized diterpenoid metabolism in maize likely follows the common modular blueprint of combining different diTPS and P450 enzymes, as shown for rice, wheat, and various other species across the plant kingdom (Xu et al, 2007a;Zhou et al, 2012;Hall et al, 2013;Cui et al, 2015;Zerbe and Bohlmann, 2015). This hypothesis is substantiated by (1) the in vitro substrate promiscuity of ZmKSL4 with CPP of ent-, syn-, and (+)-stereochemistry and (2) Figure 7.…”

Functional Diversification of Kaurene Synthase-Like Genes in Isodon rubescens

“…The diterpenoid biosynthesis has been explored in nine species in Lamiaceae, including Salvia miltiorrhiza (Gao et al, 2009;Cui et al, 2015;Su et al, 2016), S. sclarea (Caniard et al, 2012;Schalk et al, 2012), Isodon eriocalyx , Coleus forskohlii , Rosmarinus officinalis (Brückner et al, 2014), S. fruticosa , S. pomifera (Trikka et al, 2015), and S. divinorum (Pelot et al, 2017) from the biggest subfamily Nepetoideae, and Marrubium vulgare from the subfamily Lamioideae. These enzymes have the ability to produce abietane, labdane, clerodane, and ent-kaurane diterpenes via an enzymatic hydrolysis-catalyzed reaction (Gao et al, 2009;Cui et al, 2015;Caniard et al, 2012;Schalk et al, 2012;Li et al, 2012;Pateraki et al, 2014;Zerbe et al, 2014;Brückner et al, 2014;Bo zi c et al, 2015;Trikka et al, 2015;Pelot et al, 2017).…”

“…These enzymes have the ability to produce abietane, labdane, clerodane, and ent-kaurane diterpenes via an enzymatic hydrolysis-catalyzed reaction (Gao et al, 2009;Cui et al, 2015;Caniard et al, 2012;Schalk et al, 2012;Li et al, 2012;Pateraki et al, 2014;Zerbe et al, 2014;Brückner et al, 2014;Bo zi c et al, 2015;Trikka et al, 2015;Pelot et al, 2017). Based on the stereochemistry of the intermediate that is initially cyclized by CPS, these enzymes can be divided into two groups.…”

“…Based on the stereochemistry of the intermediate that is initially cyclized by CPS, these enzymes can be divided into two groups. One group produces an intermediate of normal CPP, which has been found to be the precursor of a large array of diterpenoids with high economic and medicinal value, including tanshinone (Gao et al, 2009;Cui et al, 2015), sclareol (Caniard et al, 2012;Schalk et al, 2012), and forskolin . The other group produces the stereoisomeric intermediate of ent-CPP that is involved in GA biosynthesis as well as the synthesis of labdane or ent-kaurane in S. miltiorrhiza and I. eriocalyx Cui et al, 2015).…”

“…One group produces an intermediate of normal CPP, which has been found to be the precursor of a large array of diterpenoids with high economic and medicinal value, including tanshinone (Gao et al, 2009;Cui et al, 2015), sclareol (Caniard et al, 2012;Schalk et al, 2012), and forskolin . The other group produces the stereoisomeric intermediate of ent-CPP that is involved in GA biosynthesis as well as the synthesis of labdane or ent-kaurane in S. miltiorrhiza and I. eriocalyx Cui et al, 2015). Phylogenetic analysis has shown that these enzymes are grouped in accordance with their functions except the newly identified SdCPS1 and SdKSL1 from S. divinorum (Pelot et al, 2017), that is, those involved in normal-CPP biosynthesis form a sister group to those involved in ent-CPP biosynthesis, and positive selection has played an important role in this functional divergence (Cui et al, 2015).…”