“…To begin, we chose 123 gut metagenomes from 42 mammalian species (including carnivores, omnivores, and herbivores); most of these metagenomes (approximately 104) came from our laboratory; therefore, they were obtained using the same sequencing platform to decrease the sequencing bias (Appendix S1 ). The details on the origin of the 123 metagenomes are as follows: 52 from giant pandas (9 from the Qinling Mountains [GPQIN, wild] (Wu et al, 2017 ), 7 from the Qionglai Mountains [GPQIO, wild] (Guo et al, 2019 ), 19 from the Xiaoxiangling Mountains [GPXXL, wild] (Yao et al, 2021 ; Zhu, Yang, et al, 2018 ), 7 from the Chengdu Breeding Center [GPCD, captive] (Zhang et al, 2018 ), 10 from the Yaan Research Base of the Wolong Research Center [GPYA, captive]) (Guo et al, 2019 ), 6 from red pandas from the Xiaoxiangling Mountains (RP, wild; Zhu, Yang, et al, 2018 ), 19 from meat‐eating carnivorans (CA) (Zhu, Wu, et al, 2018 ), 10 from omnivorous carnivorans (OC) (Guo et al, 2018 ; Zhu, Wu, et al, 2018 ), 12 from herbivores (HE) (Zhu, Wu, et al, 2018 ), and 24 from Yunnan snub‐nosed monkeys (YSNM, wild) (Xia et al, 2022 ). We investigated the gut microorganism composition regarding the previously mentioned kingdoms and compared their beta diversities.…”