Functional classes of primate corticomotoneuronal cells and their relation to active force

Cheney, Paul D.; Fetz, Eberhard E.

doi:10.1152/jn.1980.44.4.773

Cited by 583 publications

(309 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Consistent with this view is the finding from a recent study which suggests that primary motor cortex may participate in the modulation of the reflexive compensatory motor responses in lip muscles during speech (Ito et al, 2005). Consistent with observations in primate motor cortex (Cheney and Fetz, 1980;Fromm and Evarts, 1977), our findings suggest that the orofacial system may utilize mechanosensory information differentially for the early versus later phases of lip force output. During speech articulation, longer latency reflex actions presumably involving primary motor cortex correct for the effects of external movement disturbances (Ito et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Primary motor cortex has also been shown to encode functional muscle synergies (Holdefer and Miller, 2002). The cortical mechanisms involved in the regulation of muscle dynamics during the early phases of force recruitment (Cheney and Fetz, 1980;Evarts et al, 1983;Fromm and Evarts, 1977;Sanes and Evarts, 1983) may be especially important for orofacial muscles that are characterized by small motor units which produce finely graded forces for speech (Barlow and Bradford, 1992;Barlow et al, 1999). The complex articulatory dynamics evident among facial muscles during speech is similar in many ways to the precise movements and forces generated by hand and fingers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modulation of the trigeminofacial pathway during syllabic speech

Estep

Barlow

2007

Brain Research

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The human orofacial system is richly endowed with low threshold, slowly adapting mechanoreceptors that respond to self-generated movements and external loads. The functional linkage between these afferents and the recruitment of motor units in the lower face during the dynamics of speech is unknown. Mechanically evoked activity in the orbicularis oris muscles was studied in young human female adults (N=10) during a lip force recruitment task associated with the repetition of the nonsense speech utterance "ah-wah." This speech task involved the recruitment of perioral motor units against an elastic load. A skin contactor probe coupled to a servo-controlled linear motor delivered punctate ipsilateral mechanical inputs (25 ms duration, 1800 μm displacement) to the glabrous surface of the upper lip in order to index the modulation and specificity of the compound trigeminofacial response as a function of speech force recruitment threshold (Ft). Modulation of the early (Ft = 0.2N) and later (Ft = 1.0N) components of the evoked perioral response was found at the two force thresholds. Beginning at approximately 60 ms post-stimulus, a significant suppression response was found among lower lip EMG recording sites and its magnitude was greatest when the mechanical perturbation occurred during the early phase of lip force recruitment. Variation in the lip force trajectories was manifest by a greater difference in net interangle force associated with lip perturbations indexed to the early Ft. This was interpreted to reflect the operation of a feedforward mechanism which may play a more significant role during an evolving speech action. Thus, the application of servo-controlled mechanosensory inputs effectively indexed the excitability of the facial motor nucleus during production of a simple speech phrase. Future studies are needed to explore mechanisms of short-term adaptation and trigeminofacial modulation during propositional speech in health and disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of the trigeminofacial pathway during syllabic speech

Estep

Barlow

2007

Brain Research

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“…If M1 actually specifies the desired force output of muscles, spinal circuitry would be left to compensate for the effects of muscle fiber length, the speed of contraction, or muscle fatigue. However, there is some evidence from the single neuron literature that M1 discharge reflects neither position nor force, but rather the amount of excitation necessary to produce the desired force at a given muscle length (Cheney and Fetz 1980;Fromm 1983). A separate population of M1 neurons has even been described that appears to control limb stiffness by regulating the level of antagonist cocontraction (Humphrey and Reed 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor cortical prediction of EMG: evidence that a kinetic brain-machine interface may be robust across altered movement dynamics

Cherian

Krucoff

Miller

2011

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Cherian A, Krucoff MO, Miller LE. Motor cortical prediction of EMG: evidence that a kinetic brain-machine interface may be robust across altered movement dynamics. J Neurophysiol 106: 564 -575, 2011. First published May 11, 2011 doi:10.1152/jn.00553.2010.-During typical movements, signals related to both the kinematics and kinetics of movement are mutually correlated, and each is correlated to some extent with the discharge of neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1). However, it is well known, if not always appreciated, that causality cannot be inferred from correlations. Although these mutual correlations persist, their nature changes with changing postural or dynamical conditions. Under changing conditions, only signals directly controlled by M1 can be expected to maintain a stable relationship with its discharge. If one were to rely on noncausal correlations for a brain-machine interface, its generalization across conditions would likely suffer. We examined this effect, using multielectrode recordings in M1 as input to linear decoders of both end point kinematics (position and velocity) and proximal limb myoelectric signals (EMG) during reaching. We tested these decoders across tasks that altered either the posture of the limb or the end point forces encountered during movement. Within any given task, the accuracy of the kinematic predictions tended to be somewhat better than the EMG predictions. However, when we used the decoders developed under one task condition to predict the signals recorded under different postural or dynamical conditions, only the EMG decoders consistently generalized well. Our results support the view that M1 discharge is more closely related to kinetic variables like EMG than it is to limb kinematics. These results suggest that brain-machine interface applications using M1 to control kinetic variables may prove to be more successful than the more standard kinematic approach.electromyogram; force field; limb movement; posture REACHING IS a deceptively simple action. We are typically aware only of the relatively straight, smoothly accelerating movement of the hand toward a target.

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“…The biophysical mechanisms behind such a relationship cannot be inferred from the present data, but two plausible explanations are as follows. When considering animal studies showing non‐linear neuronal responses as a function of applied force, it is possible to identify neurometric functions reflecting either saturation, or a reduced firing at high forces or firing patterns that follow an S‐shaped profile [Ashe, 1997; Cheney and Fetz, 1980; Evarts et al, 1983]. The negative 3rd order effect that we have detected could reflect the BOLD response to S shaped neuronal responses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…This behavior could potentially be captured by a negative 1st or 3rd order polynomial function. Ultimately, the strongest argument for the use of polynomial functions is that in animal studies, recordings of neuronal cell firing during different movement tasks show relationships that assumed linear, exponential and sigmoid (S) shapes [Ashe, 1997; Cheney and Fetz, 1980; Conrad et al, 1977; Evarts et al, 1983; Georgopoulos et al, 1992; Hepp‐Reymond et al, 1994; Maier et al, 1993; Taira et al, 1996]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebellar lobules and dentate nuclei mirror cortical force‐related‐BOLD responses: Beyond all (linear) expectations

Alahmadi

Pardini

Samson

et al. 2017

Human Brain Mapping

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The relationship between the BOLD response and an applied force was quantified in the cerebellum using a power grip task. To investigate whether the cerebellum responds in an on/off way to motor demands or contributes to motor responses in a parametric fashion, similarly to the cortex, five grip force levels were investigated under visual feedback. Functional MRI data were acquired in 13 healthy volunteers and their responses were analyzed using a cerebellum‐optimized pipeline. This allowed us to evaluate, within the cerebellum, voxelwise linear and non‐linear associations between cerebellar activations and forces. We showed extensive non‐linear activations (with a parametric design), covering the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum with a BOLD‐force relationship that is region‐dependent. Linear responses were mainly located in the anterior lobe, similarly to the cortex, where linear responses are localized in M1. Complex responses were localized in the posterior lobe, reflecting its key role in attention and executive processing, required during visually guided movement. Given the highly organized responses in the cerebellar cortex, a key question is whether deep cerebellar nuclei show similar parametric effects. We found positive correlations with force in the ipsilateral dentate nucleus and negative correlations on the contralateral side, suggesting a somatotopic organization of the dentate nucleus in line with cerebellar and cortical areas. Our results confirm that there is cerebellar organization involving all grey matter structures that reflect functional segregation in the cortex, where cerebellar lobules and dentate nuclei contribute to complex motor tasks with different BOLD response profiles in relation to the forces. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2566–2579, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Functional classes of primate corticomotoneuronal cells and their relation to active force

Cited by 583 publications

References 14 publications

Modulation of the trigeminofacial pathway during syllabic speech

Modulation of the trigeminofacial pathway during syllabic speech

Motor cortical prediction of EMG: evidence that a kinetic brain-machine interface may be robust across altered movement dynamics

Cerebellar lobules and dentate nuclei mirror cortical force‐related‐BOLD responses: Beyond all (linear) expectations

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