“…Arabidopsis has been demonstrated to express MCs for the four main types of substrates (1) (i.e. nucleotide carriers for ADP/ATP (AAC1-4, PNC1 and -2, AtBT1, PM-ANT1, and TAAC) (10 -16), adenine nucleotides (ADNT1) (17), ATP-Mg/P i (APC1-3) (18,19), NAD ϩ (NDT1 and -2) (20), NAD ϩ , NADH, CoA, and adenosine 3Ј,5Ј-phosphate (PXN) (21,22); carboxylate carriers for di-and tricarboxylates (DTC) (23) and dicarboxylates (DIC1-3) (24); amino acid carriers for basic amino acids (BAC1 and -2) (25,26) and S-adenosylmethionine (SAMC1 and -2) (27,28); and inorganic ion carriers for phosphate and sulfate (29)). It is important to note that some of the carriers characterized from Arabidopsis have broader substrate specificities than their human and yeast counterparts, and additionally some of them are localized in compartments other than the mitochondria, such as peroxisomes, chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the plasma membrane (1).…”