Functional Characteristics of Nakdong Technique Treated on Paulownia Wood Surface

Lee, Chaehoon; Jung, Hwanhee; Chung, Yongjae

doi:10.5658/wood.2021.49.1.82

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Inside the hot kiln stove, a traditional iron tool specifically used for this treatment, customized by a blacksmith, was heated until red-hot. Afterward, the red-hot iron tool was pressed onto the wood in one stroke for 1–3 s [ 35 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the Western mock-up (WM), a smooth surface finished with an oil-based varnish was prepared [ 31 , 32 , 33 ]. For the East-Asian mock-up (EAM), a rough surface treated with the so-called ‘Nakdong technique,’ a traditional scorching application using a hot iron held on the surface of the wood, was prepared [ 34 , 35 ]. Both sets of mock-ups were then covered with two different synthetic contaminants (soiling and sweat) and cleaned with CA and KGB gel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biopolymer Gels as a Cleaning System for Differently Featured Wooden Surfaces

et al. 2022

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The cleaning of some wooden artefacts can be challenging due to peculiar surface roughness and/or particular finishing treatments that favour the deposition of dirt and contaminants. The most common cleaning system used by conservators is agar gel, characterized by its rigidity and brittleness, which challenges the cleaning of rough and irregular surfaces typical of most wooden artefacts. In this work, alginate crosslinked with calcium (CA) and konjac glucomannan crosslinked with borax (KGB) gels were proposed to solve this issue. They were prepared and applied to smooth- and rough-surfaced mock-ups replicating wooden musical instruments’ surfaces that had been subsequently covered by artificial soiling and sweat contaminants. The mechanical properties of CA and KGB gels, including their stability over a 60-day storage time, were evaluated by a texture analyzer, while cleaning efficacy was analytically evaluated by non-invasive X-ray fluorescence mapping and profilometric investigation. CA gel appeared to have a higher tensile strength and elongation at break. KGB gel was shown to be soft and resilient, indicating its suitability for cleaning rough surfaces. After repeating the cleaning application three times on the rough-surfaced mock-ups, both the CA and KGB gels were shown to have cleaning efficacy. The results obtained with CA and KGB were compared with those from the Agar application.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biopolymer Gels as a Cleaning System for Differently Featured Wooden Surfaces

et al. 2022

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“…A traditional iron tool specifically used for this treatment, customized by a blacksmith, was heated inside the hot kiln stove until it reached up to 1000 • C. After that, the iron tool was pressed with one stroke for 1-3 s along the direction of the wood grain. Lastly, all of each burnt surface was brushed off by brush [46].…”

Section: Mock-up Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Nakdong technique is a scorching method applied to the surface of the paulownia wood by using a hot iron. It is conventionally used in most East Asian string instruments to protect against humidity and improve sound quality [45,46].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Cleaning Approach with Alginate and Konjac Glucomannan Polysaccharide Gel for the Surfaces of East Asian and Western String Musical Instruments

et al. 2022

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The cleaning of string musical instruments is challenging due to the traditional finishing treatments used by the makers. Multilayered coating systems were applied to Western musical instruments, while the Nakdong technique was applied in East Asia. Furthermore, by restorations and performance, dust and grime were overlapped together with polishes, adhesives, and varnishes. Gel cleaning is important in the field of conservation because of the ability to selectively remove chemical and biological degradation products from the surface, minimizing the interactions with the inner layers. In this study, hydrogels based on sodium alginate (SA) and konjac glucomannan (KG) polysaccharides were applied on laboratory mock-ups of East Asian and Western instruments to test their ability to remove synthetic soiling and sweat from the surface. In particular, SA cross-linked with calcium cations and KG cross-linked with borate gels were used. To control the exposure of the cleaning solvent on the surface of mock-ups, the moisture content of the gels was determined. The effectiveness of removing synthetic contaminants was investigated by noninvasive analytical methods. Stereomicroscopy and colorimetry, together with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in reflection mode and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), were used to evaluate the cleaning efficacy. Overall, polysaccharide hydrogels resulted in promising cleaning systems on both smooth and rough surfaces of wood.

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“…In addition to the conventional preservation methods that have been used for decades, wood modification methods using high-temperature heating techniques (wood thermal modification) and wood chemical modification techniques have been widely studied. Moreover, a few techniques have been applied industrially (Gérardin, 2016;Ghani and Lee, 2021;Jones and Sandberg, 2020;Laksono et al, 2023;Lee et al, 2021;Mantanis, 2017;Militz, 2015). Environmental issues have become one of the main reasons for the development of wood modification technology.…”

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confidence: 99%

Resistance of Polystyrene-Impregnated Glued Laminated Lumbers after Exposure to Subterranean Termites in a Field

HERMAWAN,

MUBAROK,

ABDILLAH

et al. 2024

J. Korean Wood Sci. Technol.

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Termites are a serious threat to wood-based products in Indonesia. This study investigated the termite resistant property of glulam made from polystyrene-modified wood. Three tropical fast-growing wood species, namely mangium (Acacia mangium), manii (Maesopsis eminii), and rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis), were prepared for flat-sawn laminae. After getting air-dried condition, the laminae were impregnated with polystyrene using potassium peroxydisulphate as a catalyst followed by polymerization at 80℃. Polystyrene-impregnated and control glued-laminated lumbers (glulams) were manufactured, and solid wood was provided. Three wood species and three wood products with six replicates were exposed in a field in Bogor, Indonesia, for four months, and before the tests, their density and moisture content were measured. At the end of the field tests, the weight loss and protection levels of each test sample were determined. A completely randomized factorial design was used for data analysis. The weight percentage gains for mangium, manii, and rubberwood were 22.30%, 18.22%, and 10.44%, respectively. The results showed that manii belonged to low-density wood, whereas the other two woods were medium-density wood, and the moisture content was the ambient moisture content, typical of the Bogor area. Regarding weight loss and protection level, mangium was the most durable against subterranean termite attacks, followed by rubberwood and manii. Among the wood products, the polystyrene-impregnated glulam presented the highest durability, followed by the control glulam and solid wood. Therefore, mangium and rubberwood polystyrene-impregnated glulams are recommended for future product development.

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Functional Characteristics of Nakdong Technique Treated on Paulownia Wood Surface

Cited by 7 publications

References 14 publications

Biopolymer Gels as a Cleaning System for Differently Featured Wooden Surfaces

Biopolymer Gels as a Cleaning System for Differently Featured Wooden Surfaces

Preliminary Cleaning Approach with Alginate and Konjac Glucomannan Polysaccharide Gel for the Surfaces of East Asian and Western String Musical Instruments

Resistance of Polystyrene-Impregnated Glued Laminated Lumbers after Exposure to Subterranean Termites in a Field

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