Functional CD8+ CTLs in mucosal sites and HIV infection: moving forward toward a mucosal AIDS vaccine

Sublingual Administration of an Adenovirus Serotype 5 (Ad5)-Based Vaccine Confirms Toll-Like Receptor Agonist Activity in the Oral Cavity and Elicits Improved Mucosal and Systemic Cell-Mediated Responses against HIV Antigens despite Preexisting Ad5 Immunity

“…The reservoir of CD4 ϩ CCR5 ϩ T cells contained within mucosa-associated lymph nodes is especially susceptible to virus replication, facilitating dissemination and ultimately resulting in a rapid and systemic destruction of the CD4 ϩ T-cell populations in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues (6). Therefore, an HIV vaccine capable of generating HIV antigen-specific CTL responses in mucosal sites could theoretically have a very good chance of FIG.…”

“…ND ϫ3, not detectable in 3 out of 6 samples. Mucosal vaccination strategies may improve the ability to generate adaptive immune responses in the mucosal compartment (6,19). The oral cavity has been a site of application for vaccines in the past, and this route of immunization can facilitate the induction of immune responses in the mucosal compartments of the body.…”

“…The replication of HIV in mucosal sites results in the rapid systemic destruction of CD4 ϩ T cells, an early marker of progressive HIV infection (18). The generation of a robust, HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response in mucosal-compartment lymph nodes may preserve CD4 ϩ T-cell populations at these sites and may provide important protection against viral replication, viremia, and/or lower viral loads in HIV-infected individuals (2,6,19).…”

Interleukin-1 Family Cytokines as Mucosal Vaccine Adjuvants for Induction of Protective Immunity against Influenza Virus

“…A key aspect of mucosal immunity is production of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), as well as induction of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against epithelium-transmitted pathogens (5,21). Therefore, it is important to develop mucosal vaccines that induce effective immune responses at mucosal surfaces (31).…”

Lack of IL‐7 and IL‐15 signaling affects interferon‐γ production by, more than survival of, small intestinal intraepithelial memory CD8+ T cells

“…The development of protective immunity is intrinsically connected to the route of infection [46][47][48][49][50]. However, generation and survival of antigen-specific CD8 1 T cells after i.r.…”