Functional and Structural Traumatic Brain Injury in Equestrian Sports: A Review of the Literature

Zuckerman, Scott L.; Morgan, Clinton D.; Burks, S. Shelby; Forbes, Jonathan A.; Chambless, Lola B.; Solomon, Gary S.; Sills, Allen K.

doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2014.12.030

Cited by 45 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…However, for patients who sustained injuries due to horseback riding, 15.3% also exhibited TBI [3]. Surprisingly, injury severity scores associated with accidents involving equestrian activities are higher than those involving bicycles, motorcycles, ATVs, and motor vehicles [4,5,6,7]. In addition, equestrian activities demonstrate higher mortality rates than football, rugby, motor racing, and skiing [4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surprisingly, injury severity scores associated with accidents involving equestrian activities are higher than those involving bicycles, motorcycles, ATVs, and motor vehicles [4,5,6,7]. In addition, equestrian activities demonstrate higher mortality rates than football, rugby, motor racing, and skiing [4]. Overall, equestrian-related TBI can pose significant socioeconomic ramifications related to hospital costs and neurocognitive disabilities [1,8,9,10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Injuries are more common in less experienced riders [1,14]. Prior recommendations have encouraged helmet use [4,7,12] and higher levels of training/experience/supervision [1,14]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Equestrian-Related Traumatic Brain Injury in the Pediatric Population

Nguyen¹,

Lew²

2016

Pediatr Neurosurg

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Background: Equestrian activities can be undertaken for competition or leisure. Accidents can lead to bodily injuries. In particular, traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be devastating. Limited data exist regarding the pediatric population with respect to patterns of injury and related neurosurgical intervention. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data for all pediatric patients diagnosed with equestrian-related injuries with neurological injuries from 2005 through June 2015. Results: Nine patients (1 male and 8 females) had neurological injuries. Their mean age was 10.4 years (range 2.9-16.8 years). Intracranial pathologies ranged from small punctate hemorrhages to large surgical extra-axial hematomas. Five patients also had concurrent skull fractures; 2 exhibited open lesions. Two patients required a decompressive craniotomy with placement of an external ventricular drain. Three patients exhibited other minor injuries; none had thoracic/abdominal/pelvic injuries. At discharge, all had good recovery; 1 patient who had a craniotomy did have a persistent right third-nerve palsy. Conclusion: Equestrian activities can present with dangerous and unpredictable situations, which can lead to profound neurological injury. Caution should be observed for all involved members, as both riders and nonriders are susceptible to harm. Protective gear (such as helmets), adequate training, and extensive experience are encouraged.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Equestrian-Related Traumatic Brain Injury in the Pediatric Population

Nguyen¹,

Lew²

2016

Pediatr Neurosurg

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“…Ling, Hardy & Zetterberg (2015), who reported several structured brain damages and physical contusions related to sports trauma, highlighted important neurological consequences and clinical features of injuries in sports. Similarly, Zuckerman et al (2015), focusing on equestrian-related brain injury, highlighted the public health burden that results from such sports accidents.…”

Section: Short and Long-term Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2017

EJSBS

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Different risk behaviours pertaining to adolescents, such as sports or motor vehicle accidents, impact on healthy development. Adolescent injuries have been studied in international literature, but very little work has presented a general framework, including the main psychological and relational factors associated with different types of accidents. The present study aims to offer a theoretical overview of adolescents' individual and relational factors related to the phenomenon of unintentional injuries, focusing on psychological, personality functioning and different types of accidents. An extensive review of international literature on adolescent unintentional injuries was conducted in university libraries and in databases such as ProQuest, PsyArticles, PsyInfo, and PubMed. The papers' scientific relevance was verified by Scopus indexing. In particular, different studies and research that have addressed adolescent injuries from several point of view were examined, in an attempt to identify relevant works that contribute to the unravelling of this complex issue. Literature search results highlight the relevance of multiple individual factors that may be associated with accidents in adolescence. Although adolescent injuries have been widely studied, the victims' psychological profiles associated with different types of accidents remain scarcely addressed, because of the complex set of emotional, behavioural, social factors involved. Given the international relevance of the rising phenomenon of adolescent injuries, psychological and relational functioning and their correlates should be better investigated, for the significant impact of accidents on morbidity, particularly in this vulnerable yet important youthful segment of the population.

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“…11,35,43 While SRC by definition includes normal imaging results, a minority of sportrelated head injuries result in structural brain injury. 3,18,19,84,85 These cases are often neurosurgical emergencies and can result in permanent neurological deficit and/or death. Recent literature has postulated that athletes with arachnoid cysts (ACs) demonstrate a higher rate of structural brain injury after trauma, specifically subdural hematoma (SDH) or hygroma.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sport-related structural brain injury associated with arachnoid cysts: a systematic review and quantitative analysis

Zuckerman

Prather

Yengo‐Kahn

et al. 2016

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Neurosurg Focus 40 (4):E9, 2016S port-related concussion (SRC) has emerged as a public health problem, affecting athletes of all ages and participation levels. 11,35,43 While SRC by definition includes normal imaging results, a minority of sportrelated head injuries result in structural brain injury. 3,18,19,84,85 These cases are often neurosurgical emergencies and can result in permanent neurological deficit and/or death. Recent literature has postulated that athletes with arachnoid cysts (ACs) demonstrate a higher rate of structural brain injury after trauma, specifically subdural hematoma (SDH) or hygroma. 37,44,79 ACs are congenital lesions bordered by an arachnoid AbbreviAtioNs AC = arachnoid cyst; ICP = intracranial pressure; IPH = intraparenchymal hemorrhage; IQR = interquartile range; PCS = postconcussion syndrome; SDH = subdural hematoma; SRC = sport-related concussion. objeCtive Arachnoid cysts (ACs) are congenital lesions bordered by an arachnoid membrane. Researchers have postulated that individuals with an AC demonstrate a higher rate of structural brain injury after trauma. Given the potential neurological consequences of a structural brain injury requiring neurosurgical intervention, the authors sought to perform a systematic review of sport-related structural-brain injury associated with ACs with a corresponding quantitative analysis. MethoDs Titles and abstracts were searched systematically across the following databases: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Peer-reviewed case reports, case series, or observational studies that reported a structural brain injury due to a sport or recreational activity (hereafter referred to as sport-related) with an associated AC were included. Patients were excluded if they did not have an AC, suffered a concussion without structural brain injury, or sustained the injury during a non-sport-related activity (e.g., fall, motor vehicle collision). Descriptive statistical analysis and time to presentation data were summarized. Univariate logistic regression models to assess predictors of neurological deficit, open craniotomy, and cystoperitoneal shunt were completed. resUlts After an initial search of 994 original articles, 52 studies were found that reported 65 cases of sport-related structural brain injury associated with an AC. The median age at presentation was 16 years (range 4-75 years). Headache was the most common presenting symptom (98%), followed by nausea and vomiting in 49%. Thirteen patients (21%) presented with a neurological deficit, most commonly hemiparesis. Open craniotomy was the most common form of treatment (49%). Bur holes and cyst fenestration were performed in 29 (45%) and 31 (48%) patients, respectively. Seven patients (11%) received a cystoperitoneal shunt. Four cases reported medical management only without any surgical intervention. No significant predictors were found for neurological deficit or open cr...

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Functional and Structural Traumatic Brain Injury in Equestrian Sports: A Review of the Literature

Cited by 45 publications

References 48 publications

Equestrian-Related Traumatic Brain Injury in the Pediatric Population

Equestrian-Related Traumatic Brain Injury in the Pediatric Population

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Sport-related structural brain injury associated with arachnoid cysts: a systematic review and quantitative analysis

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