Functional Anatomy of the Syrinx of the Chukar Partridge (Galliformes: Alectoris chukar) as a Model for Phonation Research

Abstract

The phonation process of vertebrates is influenced by the material characteristics of the participating structures, ranging from molecular to macroscopic dimensions. Good animal models for phonation research are still lacking. Due to easy availability and relatively simple structure, the syrinx of birds might serve as a good animal model for this purpose. Our aim was therefore to determine structural features of the syrinx and obtain insights into its mucus layer characteristics. Epithelium and glands were analyzed using histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical methods and conclusions were drawn on the use of the syrinx as a model for phonation research by comparing the epithelium and its mucus characteristics to human laryngeal secretions. Ten adult partridges were analyzed. The tympanum of the syrinx developed from the last two tracheal cartilages, whereas the caudal part of the syrinx was formed from eight pieces of bronchial cartilages. The tracheal and bronchial epithelia and the pessulus of the syrinx were lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium in which goblet cells and intraepithelial glands were localized. Collagen fibers were distributed in the lamina propria of all parts of the syringeal mucosa. Elastic fibers in the membranes of the syrinx showed evident distribution. All glandular epithelial cells and goblet cells were positive for neutral, acidic and carboxylated mucins were dominant in particular. Epithelium and glands revealed positive reactivity with antibodies to the mucins MUC1, MUC2, and MUC5AC. Of these, MUC2 and MUC5AC were dominant. The syrinx of partridge can serve as a good ex vivo model for phonation research. Anat Rec, 298:602-617, 2015. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Papillary Architecture and Functional Characterization of Mucosubstances in the Sheep Tongue

“…For this purpose, we supported the morphological results with conventional mucin histochemistry and immunohistochemistry techniques. Since histochemistry is an excellent method to identify the characterization of glycoconjugates (Schumacher et al, ; Sağsöz and Liman, ; Erdoğan et al, ; Sağsöz et al, ; Erdoğan et al, ), we demonstrated changes in carbohydrate lateral chains of secretions of epithelial cells of the lingual glands. We also evaluated the expression of proteins of MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6 in epithelial cells of the lingual glands and compared them to the molecular profiles of the mucins.…”

Gross anatomical study on the syrinx of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) with special reference to its microscopic structure

“…These statements were simulated to that mentioned by (Ragab et al, 2016) in turkey, (Mariana et al, 2013) in rhea, (Khaksar et al, 2012) in turkey, (Onuk et al, 2010) in goose, (Yildiz et al, 2003) in male ostriches. On other hand (Erdogan et al, 2014) in chukar partridge said that the syrinx was formed by the last two tracheal and first eight bronchial cartilages.…”

Mucin profiles of the abomasum in bulls and rams: A comparative study

“…In conventional carbohydrate histochemistry, PAS (+) reactions demonstrate the presence of neutral carbohydrates, AF (+) and AB (pH 2.5) (+) reactions indicate the presence of acidic sulfated and carboxylated residues, PAPS (+) reactions point out to the presence of N‐acetyl sialomucins, and Best's carmine and PAS‐diastase reactions show the presence of glycogen (Bancroft & Cook, ; Erdoğan, Sağsöz, & Paulsen, ; Schumacher et al, ). Schumacher et al () reported that, when stained with PAS and AB (pH 1.0 and 2.5), gastric mucins displayed differences between the animal species examined.…”

“…The immunoreactivity for MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6 was evaluated by a semiquantitative scoring method based on the intensity of staining. Four intensity levels (0 for no staining, 1 for weak staining, 2 for moderate staining, and 3 for strong staining) were determine (Erdoğan et al, ; van de Bovenkamp et al, ). Positively stained cells were assessed using blinded preparations and by two independent assessors (H.S.…”

“…boxylated residues, PAPS (1) reactions point out to the presence of Nacetyl sialomucins, and Best's carmine and PAS-diastase reactions show the presence of glycogen(Bancroft & Cook, 1984;Erdo gan, Sa gs€ oz, & Paulsen, 2015;Schumacher et al, 2004) Schumacher et al (2004). reported that, when stained with PAS and AB (pH 1.0 and 2.5),…”