Functional analysis of the transcriptional activator encoded by the maize B gene: evidence for a direct functional interaction between two classes of regulatory proteins.

Goff, Stephen A.; Cone, Karen C.; Chandler, Vicki L.

doi:10.1101/gad.6.5.864

Cited by 383 publications

(295 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…The finding that the R bHLH region is essential for the regulation of the endogenous genes in maize cells yet is dispensable for the activation of transiently expressed reporters reconciles a number of conflictive reports (8,18,19) while providing evidence that it may play a role in chromatin functions. The identification of RIF1 as a partner for the bHLH domain of R further supports the link between R function and chromatin structure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…An Essential Function for the bHLH Domain of R. The bHLH region of R/B is very conserved, yet in transient expression experiments it appears to be dispensable for the activation of reporter constructs containing promoters from the anthocyanin pathway (8,18,19). In agreement with these studies, the deletion of the bHLH of R has only a moderate effect on the activation of the pA1Luc reporter (Ϸ40% reduction) when cobombarded with C1 into Black Mexican Sweet (BMS) maize cells (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They participate in the transcriptional regulation of the anthocyanin pathway genes through the cooperation with the R2R3-MYB transcription factor C1 or its paralog, PL1 (7). C1 and R/B physically interact through the MYB domain of C1 and the N-terminal region of R (which does not contain the bHLH motif) (8,9), and C1 makes direct DNA contacts with specific cis-regulatory elements, which, in the case of the A1 gene (encoding dihydroflavonol reductase, DFR), correspond to the high-and low-affinity P1 binding sites ( ha PBS and la PBS, respectively) (10,11). R/B belong to the group IIIf of plant bHLH factors (12), a subfamily that is shared with similar anthocyanin regulators in various plants as well as with the Arabidopsis GL3/EGL3 regulators of epidermal cell patterning (13).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The basic helix–loop–helix domain of maize R links transcriptional regulation and histone modifications by recruitment of an EMSY-related factor

Hernandez

Feller

Morohashi³

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The control of anthocyanin accumulation in maize by the cooperation of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein R with the MYB transcription factor C1 provides one of the best examples of plant combinatorial transcriptional control. Establishing the function of the bHLH domain of R has remained elusive, and so far no proteins that interact with this conserved domain have been identified. We show here that the bHLH domain of R is dispensable for the activation of transiently expressed genes yet is essential for the activation of the endogenous genes in their normal chromatin environment. The activation of A1, one of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, is associated with increased acetylation of histone 3 (H3) at K9/K14 in the promoter region to which the C1/R complex binds. We identified R-interacting factor 1 (RIF1) as a nuclear, AGENET domain-containing EMSY-like protein that specifically interacts with the bHLH region of R. Knockdown experiments show that RIF1 is necessary for the activation of the endogenous promoters but not of transiently expressed genes. ChIP experiments established that RIF1 is tethered to the regulatory region of the A1 promoter by the C1/R complex. Together, these findings describe a function for the bHLH domain of R in linking transcriptional regulation with chromatin functions by the recruitment of an EMSY-related factor.anthocyanin ͉ BRCA2 ͉ chromatin T he evolution of multicellular organisms was accompanied by an increase in the complexity of gene regulatory mechanisms, reflected in the dramatic expansion of transcription factor families and in the intricate interactions between regulatory proteins and cis-regulatory elements in what is commonly known as combinatorial transcriptional control. Superimposed on this complexity is the understanding that histone modifications and chromatin structure are intimately linked to the regulatory activity of many transcription factors (1). Establishing the interactions between combinatorial gene regulation and histone functions thus poses a problem of significant biological importance.The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors is among the largest in animals and plants (2). bHLH domains are characterized by the presence of an Ϸ18-residue hydrophilic basic helix followed by two amphipathic ␣-helices separated by a loop (3, 4). When present, basic regions contribute to the binding of bHLH factors to DNA, through cisregulatory elements, termed E-boxes, with the CANNTG consensus, whereas HLH motifs participate in homodimer or heterodimer formation (4). Maize R was the first plant bHLH transcription factor described (5). R belongs to a small gene family, which includes B, and R/B specify anthocyanin pigmentation in different plant tissues (6). They participate in the transcriptional regulation of the anthocyanin pathway genes through the cooperation with the R2R3-MYB transcription factor C1 or its paralog, PL1 (7). C1 and R/B physically interact through the MYB domain of C1 and the N-terminal region of R (which does not contai...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The basic helix–loop–helix domain of maize R links transcriptional regulation and histone modifications by recruitment of an EMSY-related factor

Hernandez

Feller

Morohashi³

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…A Lotus gene belonging to this subgroup, bHLH114, decreased 60-fold in expression after elicitation. Members of this subgroup from other species encode proteins that interact with R2R3MYB TFs to coregulate the anthocyanin pathway (Goff et al, 1992) or the proanthocyanidin pathway (Nesi et al, 2001;Paolocci et al, 2007). The Lotus bHLHs belonging to subgroup 3f likely interact with MYB proteins regulating anthocyanin/proanthocyanin biosynthesis, some of which were also observed to decrease in expression in microarray and quantitative RT-PCR experiments: LjMYB5 (AtMYB5-like), LjMYB90 (subgroup 6), LjMYB133, and LjMYB134 (subgroup 4 sister).…”

Section: Expression Of Other Tf Genes Related To Secondary Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcription Factors of Lotus: Regulation of Isoflavonoid Biosynthesis Requires Coordinated Changes in Transcription Factor Activity

et al. 2012

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Isoflavonoids are a class of phenylpropanoids made by legumes, and consumption of dietary isoflavonoids confers benefits to human health. Our aim is to understand the regulation of isoflavonoid biosynthesis. Many studies have shown the importance of transcription factors in regulating the transcription of one or more genes encoding enzymes in phenylpropanoid metabolism. In this study, we coupled bioinformatics and coexpression analysis to identify candidate genes encoding transcription factors involved in regulating isoflavonoid biosynthesis in Lotus (Lotus japonicus). Genes encoding proteins belonging to 39 of the main transcription factor families were examined by microarray analysis of RNA from leaf tissue that had been elicited with glutathione. Phylogenetic analyses of each transcription factor family were used to identify subgroups of proteins that were specific to L. japonicus or closely related to known regulators of the phenylpropanoid pathway in other species. R2R3MYB subgroup 2 genes showed increased expression after treatment with glutathione. One member of this subgroup, LjMYB14, was constitutively overexpressed in L. japonicus and induced the expression of at least 12 genes that encoded enzymes in the general phenylpropanoid and isoflavonoid pathways. A distinct set of six R2R3MYB subgroup 2-like genes was identified. We suggest that these subgroup 2 sister group proteins and those belonging to the main subgroup 2 have roles in inducing isoflavonoid biosynthesis. The induction of isoflavonoid production in L. japonicus also involves the coordinated down-regulation of competing biosynthetic pathways by changing the expression of other transcription factors.

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“…The nature of the PAC1 protein, however, is not known. In two-hybrid assays in yeast and maize cells, B1 interacts with C1, which suggests that both proteins are in the same transcription complex (Goff et al, 1992). In vitro, C1 binds with low affinity to functional cis -acting elements in the promoters of structural genes (Sainz et al, 1997), but thus far, no DNA binding activity has been detected for R1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

anthocyanin1 of Petunia Encodes a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein That Directly Activates Transcription of Structural Anthocyanin Genes

Spelt¹,

Quattrocchio²,

Mol³

et al. 2000

The Plant Cell

161

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The petunia loci anthocyanin1 ( an1 ), an2 , an4 , and an11 are required for the transcription of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in floral organs. The an2 and an11 loci were recently cloned and shown to encode a MYB-domain transcriptional activator and a cytosolic WD40 protein, respectively. Here, we report the isolation of an1 by transposon tagging. an1 encodes a new member of the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors that is functionally and evolutionarily distinct from JAF13, the apparent petunia ortholog of maize RED1 and snapdragon DELILA. We provide genetic evidence that the transcription factors encoded by an1 , an2 , and an4 operate in an unexpectedly complex regulatory hierarchy. In leaves, ectopic expression of AN2 induces an1 expression, whereas in anthers, an1 expression depends on an4 , encoding (or controlling) a MYB protein that is paralogous to AN2. Experiments with transgenic plants expressing a post-translationally controlled AN1-GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR fusion protein indicated that independent of protein synthesis, AN1 directly activates the expression of the dfrA gene encoding the enzyme dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and of Pmyb27 encoding a MYB-domain protein of unknown function.

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Functional analysis of the transcriptional activator encoded by the maize B gene: evidence for a direct functional interaction between two classes of regulatory proteins.

Cited by 383 publications

References 68 publications

The basic helix–loop–helix domain of maize R links transcriptional regulation and histone modifications by recruitment of an EMSY-related factor

The basic helix–loop–helix domain of maize R links transcriptional regulation and histone modifications by recruitment of an EMSY-related factor

Transcription Factors of Lotus: Regulation of Isoflavonoid Biosynthesis Requires Coordinated Changes in Transcription Factor Activity

anthocyanin1 of Petunia Encodes a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein That Directly Activates Transcription of Structural Anthocyanin Genes

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