Functional Analysis of Arabidopsis Mutants Points to Novel Roles for Glutathione in Coupling H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> to Activation of Salicylic Acid Accumulation and Signaling

Han, Yi; Chaouch, Séjir; Mhamdi, Amna; Queval, Guillaume; Zechmann, Bernd; Noctor, Graham

doi:10.1089/ars.2012.5052

Cited by 229 publications

(272 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…H 2 O 2 and repairing cellular injury. 34 It has been reported that withdrawal of S from the medium leads to decreased levels of sulfate and GSH in Arabidopsis and canola plants tissues resulting in the induction of sulfate transporter systems and ATPS activity. 35,36 The inhibition in the activity of ATPS1 and APR results in the inhibition of GSH synthesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exogenous salicylic acid improves photosynthesis and growth through increase in ascorbate-glutathione metabolism and S assimilation in mustard under salt stress

Nazar

Umar

Khan

2015

Plant Signaling & Behavior

199

114

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Ascorbate (AsA)-glutathione (GSH) cycle metabolism has been regarded as the most important defense mechanism for the resistance of plants under stress. In this study the influence of salicylic acid (SA) was studied on ascorbateglutathione pathway, S-assimilation, photosynthesis and growth of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants subjected to 100 mM NaCl. Treatment of SA (0.5 mM) alleviated the negative effects of salt stress and improved photosynthesis and growth through increase in enzymes of ascorbate-glutathione pathway which suggest that SA may participate in the redox balance under salt stress. The increase in leaf sulfur content through higher activity of ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) and serine acetyl transferase (SAT) by SA application was associated with the increased accumulation of glutathione (GSH) and lower levels of oxidative stress. These effects of SA were substantiated by the findings that application of SAanalog, 2,6, dichloro-isonicotinic acid (INA) and 1 mM GSH treatment produced similar results on rubisco, photosynthesis and growth of plants establishing that SA application alleviates the salt-induced decrease in photosynthesis mainly through inducing the enzyme activity of ascorbate-glutathione pathway and increased GSH production. Thus, SA/GSH could be a promising tool for alleviation of salt stress in mustard plants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exogenous salicylic acid improves photosynthesis and growth through increase in ascorbate-glutathione metabolism and S assimilation in mustard under salt stress

Nazar

Umar

Khan

2015

Plant Signaling & Behavior

199

114

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“…In its classic function as an antioxidant, GSH serves to remove ROS and hence limit the lifetime of the oxidative signal. However, accumulating molecular genetic evidence suggests that GSH is also important in potentiating ROS signals in plants, particularly through interactions with plant stress hormones such as salicylic acid (SA) and jamonic acid (11)(12)(13).…”

Section: Gsh and Redox Signallingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gr1 mutants show enhanced susceptibility to pathogens suggesting that GR1 is essential for redox signalling through the plant hormone-mediated defence pathways (11)(12)(13)76). Characterization of mutants such as the clt mutants that are deficient in the cytosolic GSH (37) and gr1cat2 double mutants that lack both GR1 and the major form of leaf catalase (cat2; 76) have shown that the cytosolic GSH pool per se plays a crucial role in linking ROS signalling to downstream pathogen responses and associated hormone-dependent pathways (11-13, 37).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Glutathione – linking cell proliferation to oxidative stress

Díaz‐Vivancos

Simone

Kiddle³

et al. 2015

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

269

177

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Significance:The multifaceted functions of reduced glutathione (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine; GSH) continue to fascinate plants and animal scientists, not least because of the dynamic relationships between GSH and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that underpin reduction/oxidation (redox) regulation and signalling. Here we consider the respective roles of ROS and GSH in the regulation of plant growth, with a particular focus on regulation of the plant cell cycle. Glutathione is discussed not only as a crucial low molecular weight redox buffer that shields nuclear processes against oxidative challenge but also a flexible regulator of genetic and epigenetic functions. Recent Advances:The intracellular compartmentalization of GSH during the cell cycle is remarkably consistent in plants and animals. Moreover, measurements of in vivo glutathione redox potentials reveal that the cellular environment is much more reducing than predicted from GSH/GSSG ratios measured in tissue extracts. The redox potential of the cytosol and nuclei of non-dividing plant cells is about -300 mV. This relatively low redox potential is maintained even in cells experiencing oxidative stress by a number of mechanisms including vacuolar sequestration of GSSG. We propose that regulated ROS production linked to glutathione-mediated signalling events are the hallmark of viable cells within a changing and challenging environment. Critical Issues:The concept that the cell cycle in animals is subject to redox controls is well established but little is known about how ROS and GSH regulate this process in plants. However, it is increasingly likely that similar redox controls exist in plants, 3 although possibly through different pathways. Moreover, redox-regulated proteins that function in cell cycle checkpoints remain to be identified in plants. While GSHresponsive genes have now been identified, the mechanisms that mediate and regulate protein glutathionylation in plants remain poorly defined.Future Directions: The nuclear GSH pool provides an appropriate redox environment for essential nuclear functions. Future work will function on how this essential thiol interacts with the nuclear thioredoxin system and nitric oxide to regulate genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. The characterization of redox-regulated cell cycle proteins in plants, and the elucidation of mechanisms that facilitate GSH accumulation in the nucleus are keep steps to unravelling the complexities of nuclear redox controls.Diaz 4

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“…Cross-tolerance occurs because of the synergistic co-activation of non-specific, stress-responsive pathways that cross biotic-abiotic stress boundaries [9,10]. Cross-tolerance phenomena are often associated with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altered redox and phytohormone signalling, particularly through ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonate (JA)-mediated pathways [11][12][13][14]. Chloroplasts play an important role in redox signalling events linking light acclimation responses to immunity to pathogens as well as in the synthesis of important plant hormones such as ABA, JA and strigolactones [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many metabolites such as intermediates of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis such as Mg-ProtoIX, haem, 3 0 -phosphoadenosine 5 0 -phosphate (PAP); b-cyclocitral, ROS and methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate are considered to act as signalling molecules involved in the transmission of signals to the nucleus [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Thioredoxins and reduced glutathione (GSH) also participate in the transmission of redox signals to the nucleus [13,14]. However, relatively few transcription factors, such as the chloroplast envelope-bound plant homeodomain (PHD) protein called PTM and the Apetala 2 (AP2)-type transcription factor (TF), ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE (ABI)4, have been shown to function in retrograde signalling [27][28][29], and their target genes and mechanisms of action are largely unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The functions of WHIRLY1 and REDOX-RESPONSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 in cross tolerance responses in plants: a hypothesis

Foyer

Karpińska

Krupinska

2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

119

112

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Chloroplasts are important sensors of environment change, fulfilling key roles in the regulation of plant growth and development in relation to environmental cues. Photosynthesis produces a repertoire of reductive and oxidative (redox) signals that provide information to the nucleus facilitating appropriate acclimation to a changing light environment. Redox signals are also recognized by the cellular innate immune system allowing activation of non-specific, stress-responsive pathways that underpin cross tolerance to biotic–abiotic stresses. While these pathways have been intensively studied in recent years, little is known about the different components that mediate chloroplast-to-nucleus signalling and facilitate cross tolerance phenomena. Here, we consider the properties of the WHIRLY family of proteins and the REDOX-RESPONSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 (RRTF1) in relation to chloroplast redox signals that facilitate the synergistic co-activation of gene expression pathways and confer cross tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. We propose a new hypothesis for the role of WHIRLY1 as a redox sensor in chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling leading to cross tolerance, including acclimation and immunity responses. By virtue of its association with chloroplast nucleoids and with nuclear DNA, WHIRLY1 is an attractive candidate coordinator of the expression of photosynthetic genes in the nucleus and chloroplasts. We propose that the redox state of the photosynthetic electron transport chain triggers the movement of WHIRLY1 from the chloroplasts to the nucleus, and draw parallels with the regulation of NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1).

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Functional Analysis of Arabidopsis Mutants Points to Novel Roles for Glutathione in Coupling H₂O₂ to Activation of Salicylic Acid Accumulation and Signaling

Abstract: In parallel to its antioxidant role, GSH acts independently of NPR1 to allow increased intracellular H(2)O(2) to activate SA signaling, a key defense response in plants.

Cited by 229 publications

References 72 publications

Exogenous salicylic acid improves photosynthesis and growth through increase in ascorbate-glutathione metabolism and S assimilation in mustard under salt stress

Exogenous salicylic acid improves photosynthesis and growth through increase in ascorbate-glutathione metabolism and S assimilation in mustard under salt stress

Glutathione – linking cell proliferation to oxidative stress

The functions of WHIRLY1 and REDOX-RESPONSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 in cross tolerance responses in plants: a hypothesis

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Functional Analysis of Arabidopsis Mutants Points to Novel Roles for Glutathione in Coupling H2O2 to Activation of Salicylic Acid Accumulation and Signaling

Abstract: In parallel to its antioxidant role, GSH acts independently of NPR1 to allow increased intracellular H(2)O(2) to activate SA signaling, a key defense response in plants.

Cited by 229 publications

References 72 publications

Exogenous salicylic acid improves photosynthesis and growth through increase in ascorbate-glutathione metabolism and S assimilation in mustard under salt stress

Exogenous salicylic acid improves photosynthesis and growth through increase in ascorbate-glutathione metabolism and S assimilation in mustard under salt stress

Glutathione – linking cell proliferation to oxidative stress

The functions of WHIRLY1 and REDOX-RESPONSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 in cross tolerance responses in plants: a hypothesis

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Functional Analysis of Arabidopsis Mutants Points to Novel Roles for Glutathione in Coupling H₂O₂ to Activation of Salicylic Acid Accumulation and Signaling