Function of the oxidative burst in hypersensitive disease resistance.

Tenhaken, Raimund; Levine, Alex; Brisson, Louise F.; Dixon, Richard A.; Lamb, Christopher J.

doi:10.1073/pnas.92.10.4158

Cited by 367 publications

(224 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Furthermore, AOS generation could also be stimulated by the phorbol ester PMA, a potent activator of protein kinase C and the respiratory burst in neutrophils [8]. To our knowledge, PMA has so far only been observed to promote AO$ generation in soybean (A. Levine, unpublished data, from [17]). Since it is known that PMA stimulates NADPH oxidas¢ activity in neutrophils via phosphorylation of its cytosolic component [8,9] it is possible that a protein kinase C-like enzyme might bo involved in AO$ generation in Arabido~i~.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Evidence that the primary AOS is superoxide has been presented for cultured spruce [14] and tomato [15] cells and inhibitor studies with elicited rose cells have demonstrated striking parallels with the mammalian NADPH oxidase [16]. Furthermore, soybean proteins immunologically related to components of the mammalian complex have been reported recently [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Generation of active oxygen in elicited cells of Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by a NADPH oxidase‐like enzyme

et al. 1996

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation of active oxygen in elicited cells of Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by a NADPH oxidase‐like enzyme

et al. 1996

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“…In plants, it occurs in response to abiotic and biotic factors and plays an essential role in plant development and survival (Greenberg, 1996). Cell death was described in reproductive processes as well as during vegetative growth (Greenberg, 1996;Beers, 1997), during stress adaptation, such as during low oxygen stress (Kawai et al, 1998;Samarajeewa et al, 1999), and as a defense mechanism against pathogens (Tenhaken et al, 1995;Ryerson and Heath, 1996;Chappell et al, 1997;Gechev et al, 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

Epidermal Cell Death in Rice Is Regulated by Ethylene, Gibberellin, and Abscisic Acid

2005

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Programmed cell death (PCD) of epidermal cells that cover adventitious root primordia in deepwater rice (Oryza sativa) is induced by submergence. Early suicide of epidermal cells may prevent injury to the growing root that emerges under flooding conditions. Induction of PCD is dependent on ethylene signaling and is further promoted by gibberellin (GA). Ethylene and GA act in a synergistic manner, indicating converging signaling pathways. Treatment of plants with GA alone did not promote PCD. Treatment with the GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol resulted in increased PCD in response to ethylene and GA presumably due to an increased sensitivity of epidermal cells to GA. Abscisic acid (ABA) was shown to efficiently delay ethylene-induced as well as GA-promoted cell death. The results point to ethylene signaling as a target of ABA inhibition of PCD. Accumulation of ethylene and GA and a decreased ABA level in the rice internode thus favor induction of epidermal cell death and ensure that PCD is initiated as an early response that precedes adventitious root growth.

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“…Recently, it has been recognized that a number of "stress" genes of previously unidentified functions make u p a plant GST subclass (for reviews, see Droog et al, 1993;Marrs, 1996). These type I11 GSTs are induced by numerous environmental stress conditions, including those arising from pathogen attack (Taylor et al, 1990), oxidative stress (Wingate et al, 1988;Levine et al, 1994;Tenhaken et al, 1995), and heavy metal toxicity (Czarnecka et al, 1988;Hagen et al, 1988;Wingate et al, 1988;Mauch and Dudler, 1993). The type I11 GSTs also play a role in the cellular response to both natural and synthetic auxins (Droog et al, 1993;Hahn and Strittmatter, 1994;Ulmasov et al, 1994Ulmasov et al, , 1995Droog, 1995;Droog et al, 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression and RNA Splicing of the Maize Glutathione S-Transferase Bronze2 Gene Is Regulated by Cadmium and Other Stresses

1997

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The Bronze2 (Bz2) gene in maize (Zea mays) encodes a glutathione S-transferase that performs the last genetically defined step in anthocyanin biosynthesis-tagging anthocyanin precursors with glutathione, allowing for recognition and entry of anthocyanins into the vacuole. Here we show that Bz2 gene expression is highly induced by heavy metals such as cadmium. Treatment of maize seedlings with cadmium results in a 20-fold increase i n 822 message accumulation and a 50-fold increase in the presence of the unspliced, intron-containing transcript. The increase in message levels during cadmium stress appears to result, at least in part, from activation of an alternative mRNA start site approximately 200 nucleotides upstream of the normal start site; this site is not used in unstressed or heat-stressed tissues. The effect of cadmium on the RNA splicing of Bz2 seems to be specific: splicing of other introncontaining maize genes, including a maize actin gene under the control of the cadmium-inducible 822 promoter, is unaffected by cadmium stress. Conversely, 822 intron splicing is not affected by other stress conditions that induce Bz2 gene expression, such as abscisic acid, auxin, or cold stress. Surprisingly, the increase in Bz2 mRNA during cadmium stress does not result in an increase in Bz2 glutathione Stransferase activity. We propose that an alternative protein may be encoded by 822 that has a role during responses t o heavy metals.Specific enzymatic and regulatory roles have been assigned for most genes of the anthocyanin pathway in maize (Zea mays) as a result of genetic and biochemical analysis. Bz2 is one of the last structural genes required for the production of anthocyanin pigmentation in maize (Coe et al., 1988;Holton and Cornish, 1995). In bz2 mutants cytoplasmic synthesized anthocyanin precursors are unable to reach their final destination in the vacuole. This inappropriate cytoplasmic accumulation of the precursor pigment cyanidin-3-glucoside causes tissues to develop a bronze color as a result of oxidation and condensation reactions that are poorly understood (Stafford, 1990). These oxidized secondary metabolites in the cytoplasm of bz2 mutants are

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Function of the oxidative burst in hypersensitive disease resistance.

Abstract: Consistent with the mechanism for phagocyte oxidase activation, elicitor induction of H202 production in soybean cells is blocked by the protein kinase inhibitors K252A and staurosporine, and this inhibition is partially reversed by simulta-

Cited by 367 publications

References 29 publications

Generation of active oxygen in elicited cells of Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by a NADPH oxidase‐like enzyme

Generation of active oxygen in elicited cells of Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by a NADPH oxidase‐like enzyme

Epidermal Cell Death in Rice Is Regulated by Ethylene, Gibberellin, and Abscisic Acid

Expression and RNA Splicing of the Maize Glutathione S-Transferase Bronze2 Gene Is Regulated by Cadmium and Other Stresses

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