Fumonisin Production in the Maize Pathogen <i>Fusarium verticillioides</i>:  Genetic Basis of Naturally Occurring Chemical Variation

Proctor, Robert H.; Plattner, Ronald D.; Desjardins, Anne E.; Busman, Mark; Butchko, Robert A. E.

doi:10.1021/jf0527706

Cited by 118 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…A PCR assay with two sets of primers revealed that all F. verticillioides possessed the FUM1 gene. This result is concordant with other studies that established F. verticillioides as a potent fumonisin producer (Proctor et al, 2006). Also F. proliferatum and F. fujikuroi are fumonisin producers and F. andiyazi was shown to produce only trace amounts of fumonisin (Leslie et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Crops are a main driver for species diversity and the toxigenic potential ofFusarium isolates in maize ears in China

Zhang

Brankovics

Luo

et al. 2016

WMJ

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In recent years increasing demands and the relatively low-care cultivation of the crop have resulted in an enormous expansion of the acreage of maize in China. However, particularly in China, Fusarium ear rot forms an important constraint to maize production. In this study, we showed that members of both the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) and the Fusarium graminearum species complex are the causal agents of Fusarium ear rot in the main maize producing areas in China. Fumonisin producing Fusarium verticillioides was the most prevalent species, followed by fumonisin producing Fusarium proliferatum and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol producing F. graminearum. Both Fusarium temperatum and Fusarium boothii were identified for the first time in the colder regions in China, extending their known habitats to colder environments. Mating type analysis of the different heterothallic FFSC species, showed that both types co-occur in each sampling site suggestive of the possibility of sexual recombination. Virulence tests with F. boothii (from maize) and F. graminearum from maize or wheat showed adaptation to the host. In addition, F. graminearum seems to outcompete F. boothii in wheat-maize rotations. Based on our findings and previous studies, we conclude that wheat/maize rotation selects for F. graminearum, while a wheat/rice rotation selects for F. asiaticum. In contrast, F. boothii is selected when maize is cultivated without rotation. A higher occurrence of F. temperatum is observed on maize in colder climatological regions in China, while Fusarium meridionale seems restricted to mountain areas. Each of these species has their characteristic mycotoxin profile and deoxynivalenol and fumonisin are the potential threats to maize production in Northern China.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Crops are a main driver for species diversity and the toxigenic potential ofFusarium isolates in maize ears in China

Zhang

Brankovics

Luo

et al. 2016

WMJ

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“…It is possible that one of these genes could have been inactivated or deleted in the fumonisin nonproducing wheat isolate MRC 7884. Similarly, strains lacking FB 2 and/or FB 3 could be lacking the activity of the FUM2 and/or FUM3 proteins, as FUM2 and FUM3 deletion mutants were shown to only produce FB 2 and FB 4 , and FB 3 and FB 4 , respectively [8,32]. The fumonisin B profiles where at least two different profiles were observed, support the other results in this study that the maize and wheat isolates are not the same species.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Also, strains lacking FUM2 produced only fumonisin analogues (FB2 and FB4) that lack the C-10 hydroxyl group [32], and FUM3 deletion mutants produce only analogues (FB3 and FB4) that lack the C-5 hydroxyl group [8]. The individual deletions of the remaining FUM genes resulted in various effects and influences on fumonisin production [6-9, 30, 48], including no effects on fumonisin accumulation with the deletions of FUM15, FUM16, FUM17 or FUM18 [9,30,32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Fusarium globosum Strains from South African Maize and Japanese Wheat

et al. 2010

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The fungus Fusarium globosum was first isolated from maize in South Africa and subsequently from wheat in Japan. Here, multiple analyses revealed that, despite morphological similarities, South African maize and Japanese wheat isolates of the fungus exhibit multiple differences. An amplified fragment length polymorphism-based similarity index for the two groups of isolates was only 45%. Most maize isolates produced relatively high levels of fumonisins, whereas wheat isolates produced little or no fumonisins. The fumonisin biosynthetic gene FUM1 was detected in maize isolates by Southern blot analysis but not in the wheat isolates. In addition, most of the maize isolates produced sclerotia, and all of them produced large orange to dark purple sporodochia in carrot agar culture, whereas wheat isolates did not produce either structure. In contrast, individual isolates from both maize and wheat carried markers for both mating type idiomorphs, which indicates that the fungus may be homothallic. However, a sexual stage of F. globosum was not formed under standard self-fertilization conditions developed for other homothallic species of Fusarium. The inability to produce the sexual stage is consistent with the high similarity of 87-100% and G ST index of 1.72 for the maize isolates, which suggests that these isolates are undergoing asexual but not sexual reproduction. Together, the results suggest that the South African maize and Japanese wheat isolates of F. globosum are distinct populations and could be different species.

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“…Southern analysis of endophyte strains for ltmC, ltmM, ltmP, and ltmJ genes. Southern analysis of EcoRI-digested genomic DNA hybridized with 32 P-labeled probes (Table 3) However, in some cases, a lack of secondary metabolite production correlated with little or no gene expression and/or sequence variations within the coding and promoter regions of genes within the cluster, which can result in naturally occurring pathway variants (21,(33)(34)(35)53). The LTM locus from the Epichloë and Neotyphodium species we screened contain examples of gene absence (partial or complete cluster) and in three cases, sequence variation in a gene (ltmF and ltmE) that blocks or alters the encoded biosynthetic step.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indole-Diterpene Biosynthetic Capability ofEpichloëEndophytes as Predicted byltmGene Analysis

Young

Tapper

May

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Bioprotective alkaloids produced by Epichloë and closely related asexual Neotyphodium fungal endophytes protect their grass hosts from insect and mammalian herbivory. One class of these compounds, known for antimammalian toxicity, is the indole-diterpenes. The LTM locus of Neotyphodium lolii (Lp19) and Epichloë festuce (Fl1), required for the biosynthesis of the indole-diterpene lolitrem, consists of 10 ltm genes. We have used PCR and Southern analysis to screen a broad taxonomic range of 44 endophyte isolates to determine why indole-diterpenes are present in so few endophyte-grass associations in comparison to that of the other bioprotective alkaloids, which are more widespread among the endophtyes. All 10 ltm genes were present in only three epichloë endophytes. A predominance of the asexual Neotyphodium spp. examined contained 8 of the 10 ltm genes, with only one N. lolii containing the entire LTM locus and the ability to produce lolitrems. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry profiles of indole-diterpenes from a subset of endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass showed that endophytes that contained functional genes present in ltm clusters 1 and 2 were capable of producing simple indole-diterpenes such as paspaline, 13-desoxypaxilline, and terpendoles, compounds predicted to be precursors of lolitrem B. Analysis of toxin biosynthesis genes by PCR now enables a diagnostic method to screen endophytes for both beneficial and detrimental alkaloids and can be used as a resource for screening isolates required for forage improvement.Epichloë endophytes systemically colonize cool-season grasses, and comprise sexual Epichloë spp. and their asexual derivatives, the Neoptyphodium spp. Collectively, they produce a range of bioprotective alkaloids, including the ergot alkaloids, pyrrolopyrazine (peramine), aminopyrrolizidines (lolines), and indole-diterpenes (including lolitrems) (5, 63). Most Neotyphodium spp. are of hybrid origin, with two or three Epichloë or Neotyphodium ancestors (11,44,59,66). The alkaloids produced by epichloë endophytes enhance the competitive ability of endophyte-infected grasses by protecting the grass host from insect and mammalian herbivory. Alkaloids such as peramine and the lolines are known for their antiinsect properties (5, 55, 63), while ergovaline and the lolitrems are detrimental to grazing livestock, causing fescue toxicosis and ryegrass staggers, respectively, in pastoral ecosystems (17, 18, 31, 47, 52). Many epichloë endophytes are able to produce multiple classes of alkaloids but, to date, no plant-endophyte combination has been identified that produces lolitrems, lolines, peramine, and ergovaline (5, 10).A number of naturally occurring endophytes have been identified that do not produce the mammalian toxins, ergovaline and lolitrem B, but retain beneficial agronomic properties (26, 27), such as tolerance to abiotic stress (32). Artificially inoculated associations of these endophytes with elite tall fescue (4) and perennial ryegrass cultivars (16) have been commercially e...

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Fumonisin Production in the Maize Pathogen Fusarium verticillioides: Genetic Basis of Naturally Occurring Chemical Variation

Cited by 118 publications

References 34 publications

Crops are a main driver for species diversity and the toxigenic potential ofFusarium isolates in maize ears in China

Crops are a main driver for species diversity and the toxigenic potential ofFusarium isolates in maize ears in China

Molecular Characterization of Fusarium globosum Strains from South African Maize and Japanese Wheat

Indole-Diterpene Biosynthetic Capability ofEpichloëEndophytes as Predicted byltmGene Analysis

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