Abstract:We performed a review study according to recent COVID-19 vaccines’ real-world data to provide comparisons between COVID-19 vaccines regarding their relative efficacy. Although most vaccine platforms showed comparable effectiveness and efficacy, we highlight critical points and recent developments generated in studies that might affect vaccine efficacy including population-dependent effects of the vaccine (transplantation, adiposity, and specific comorbidities, as well as older age, male sex, ethnicity, and pri… Show more
“…In our study, the subjects were mainly middle-aged people with better immune status and stronger immune response and had a relatively high vitamin D nutritional status; <30% of patients had vitamin D insufficiency [i.e., a 25(OH)D level of 20–30 ng/mL], and none had vitamin D deficiency [i.e., a 25(OH)D level <20 ng/mL] ( 38 ). Additionally, the genetic and ethnic backgrounds of different populations should be considered ( 39 , 40 ).…”
BackgroundFat-soluble vitamins (A, D, and E) are essential for the proper functioning of the immune system and are of central importance for infection risk in humans. Vitamins A, D, and E have been reported to be associated with the immune response following vaccination; however, their effects on the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination remain unknown.MethodsWe measured the neutralizing antibody titers against wild type and omicron within 98 days after the third homologous boosting shot of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac) in 141 healthy adults in a prospective, open-label study. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy was used to determine the concentrations of plasma vitamins A, D, and E.ResultsWe found that the anti-wide-type virus and anti-omicron variant antibody levels significantly increased compared with baseline antibody levels (P < 0.001) after the third vaccination. 25(OH)D3 was significantly negatively associated with the baseline anti-wide-type virus antibody concentrations [beta (95% CI) = −0.331 (−0.659 ~ −0.003)] after adjusting for covariates. A potentially similar association was also observed on day 98 after the third vaccination [beta (95% CI) = −0.317 (−0.641 ~ 0.007)]. After adjusting for covariates, we also found that 25(OH)D3 was significantly negatively associated with the seropositivity of the anti-omicron variant antibody at day 98 after the third vaccination [OR (95% CI) = 0.940 (0.883 ~ 0.996)]. The association between plasma 25(OH)D3 with anti-wild-type virus antibody levels and seropositivity of anti-omicron variant antibodies were persistent in subgroup analyses. We observed no association between retinol/α-tocopherol and anti-wide-type virus antibody levels or anti-omicron variant antibody seropositive in our study.ConclusionThe third inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination significantly improved the ability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 infection in the human body. Higher vitamin D concentrations could significantly decrease the anti-wide-type virus-neutralizing antibody titers and anti-omicron variant antibody seropositive rate after the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in people with adequate levels of vitamin D, better immune status, and stronger immune response; further studies comprising large cohorts of patients with different nutritional status are warranted to verify our results.
“…In our study, the subjects were mainly middle-aged people with better immune status and stronger immune response and had a relatively high vitamin D nutritional status; <30% of patients had vitamin D insufficiency [i.e., a 25(OH)D level of 20–30 ng/mL], and none had vitamin D deficiency [i.e., a 25(OH)D level <20 ng/mL] ( 38 ). Additionally, the genetic and ethnic backgrounds of different populations should be considered ( 39 , 40 ).…”
BackgroundFat-soluble vitamins (A, D, and E) are essential for the proper functioning of the immune system and are of central importance for infection risk in humans. Vitamins A, D, and E have been reported to be associated with the immune response following vaccination; however, their effects on the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination remain unknown.MethodsWe measured the neutralizing antibody titers against wild type and omicron within 98 days after the third homologous boosting shot of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BBIBP-CorV or CoronaVac) in 141 healthy adults in a prospective, open-label study. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy was used to determine the concentrations of plasma vitamins A, D, and E.ResultsWe found that the anti-wide-type virus and anti-omicron variant antibody levels significantly increased compared with baseline antibody levels (P < 0.001) after the third vaccination. 25(OH)D3 was significantly negatively associated with the baseline anti-wide-type virus antibody concentrations [beta (95% CI) = −0.331 (−0.659 ~ −0.003)] after adjusting for covariates. A potentially similar association was also observed on day 98 after the third vaccination [beta (95% CI) = −0.317 (−0.641 ~ 0.007)]. After adjusting for covariates, we also found that 25(OH)D3 was significantly negatively associated with the seropositivity of the anti-omicron variant antibody at day 98 after the third vaccination [OR (95% CI) = 0.940 (0.883 ~ 0.996)]. The association between plasma 25(OH)D3 with anti-wild-type virus antibody levels and seropositivity of anti-omicron variant antibodies were persistent in subgroup analyses. We observed no association between retinol/α-tocopherol and anti-wide-type virus antibody levels or anti-omicron variant antibody seropositive in our study.ConclusionThe third inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination significantly improved the ability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 infection in the human body. Higher vitamin D concentrations could significantly decrease the anti-wide-type virus-neutralizing antibody titers and anti-omicron variant antibody seropositive rate after the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in people with adequate levels of vitamin D, better immune status, and stronger immune response; further studies comprising large cohorts of patients with different nutritional status are warranted to verify our results.
“…It is important to note that interpreting vaccine efficacy and protection involves a comprehensive assessment of various immune components, including antibodies, memory cells, and other immune responses. Additionally, the specific dynamics of the immune response may vary depending on the vaccine and the individual characteristics of the immune system 56 . Figure 10 In silico simulation of immune response triggered by the designed vaccine as an antigen after three subsequent injections.…”
The ideal vaccines for combating diseases that may emerge in the future require more than simply inactivating a few pathogenic strains. This study aims to provide a peptide-based multi-epitope vaccine effective against various severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 strains. To design the vaccine, a library of peptides from the spike, nucleocapsid, membrane, and envelope structural proteins of various strains was prepared. Then, the final vaccine structure was optimized using the fully protected epitopes and the fynomer scaffold. Using bioinformatics tools, the antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, physicochemical properties, population coverage, and secondary and three-dimensional structures of the vaccine candidate were evaluated. The bioinformatic analyses confirmed the high quality of the vaccine. According to further investigations, this structure is similar to native protein and there is a stable and strong interaction between vaccine and receptors. Based on molecular dynamics simulation, structural compactness and stability in binding were also observed. In addition, the immune simulation showed that the vaccine can stimulate immune responses similar to real conditions. Finally, codon optimization and in silico cloning confirmed efficient expression in Escherichia coli. In conclusion, the fynomer-based vaccine can be considered as a new style in designing and updating vaccines to protect against coronavirus disease.
“…Both induced mainly systemic immunity as they were administered intramuscularly (IM) [ 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 ]. Humoral and cellular immunity developed by the individuals that were immunized with S1 protein-based vaccines was directed against this antigen [ 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 ], whereas those that were inactivated virus-based, induced responses against the different viral antigens [ 116 , 117 , 118 ], including the S1 protein [ 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 ]. These same vaccines were modified for intranasal use and are under preclinical and clinical studies to establish if they can induce effective mucosal immunity [ 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 ].…”
Section: Immune Response Against Sars-cov-2 Induced By Vaccinationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Some are based on the S1 protein, which is carried by other viral vectors (ChAdOx1, Ad3 and Ad5, AZD1222, SPUTNIK V, Ad5-nCoV) [ 114 , 115 ]; others are based on mRNA that codifies for the S1 protein (BNT162b2, mRNA1273) [ 116 , 117 , 118 ]. Others use the inactivated whole virus [ 119 , 120 , 121 ] or the isolated S1 protein [ 122 , 123 , 124 ], or virus-like particles [ 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 ]. These non-proliferating vaccines were approved and licensed relatively quickly, and booster doses have been administered in several countries;…”
Section: Advance In Obtaining Herd Immunity Against Sars-cov-2mentioning
It has been 34 months since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic, which causes the COVID-19 disease. In several countries, immunization has reached a proportion near what is required to reach herd immunity. Nevertheless, infections and re-infections have been observed even in vaccinated persons. That is because protection conferred by vaccines is not entirely effective against new virus variants. It is unknown how often booster vaccines will be necessary to maintain a good level of protective immunity. Furthermore, many individuals refuse vaccination, and in developing countries, a large proportion of the population has not yet been vaccinated. Some live-attenuated vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are being developed. Here, we analyze the indirect dispersion of a live-attenuated virus from vaccinated individuals to their contacts and the contribution that this phenomenon could have to reaching Herd Immunity.
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