Fully recyclable, flame-retardant and high-performance carbon fiber composites based on vanillin-terminated cyclophosphazene polyimine thermosets

Liu, Tao; Peng, Jingying; Liu, Jing; Hao, Xiaolong; Guo, Chuigen; Ou, Rongxian; Liu, Zhenzhen; Wang, Qingwen

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109188

Cited by 85 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Other reported vitrimer formulations have quite similar tensile properties, most being slightly under of this formulation [ 9 , 10 , 13 , 20 , 23 , 71 ]. Only the Imine–Amine-based vitrimer formulation from Liu, H. et al [ 2 ] and the 2,2-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]propane formulation from Yuan, Y. et al [ 6 ] presented better tensile properties related to the high rigidity of their polymer networks, the latter also having better flexural properties.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Study into the Mechanical Properties of a New Aeronautic-Grade Epoxy-Based Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Vitrimer

Cárdenas¹,

Gayraud²,

Rodrı́guez³

et al. 2022

Polymers

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The current drive for sustainability demands recyclable matrices for composite materials. Vitrimers combine thermoset properties with reprocessability, but their mechanical performance in highly loaded applications, for instance, composites for aeronautics, is still to be demonstrated. This work presents the complete mechanical characterization of a new vitrimer reinforced with carbon fiber. This vitrimer formulation consists of functional epoxy groups and a new dynamic disulfide crosslinks-based hardener. The testing campaign for the vitrimer composites encompassed tension, compression, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), in-plane shear (IPS), open-hole tension (OHT) and compression (OHC), filled-hole compression (FHC) and interlaminar fracture toughness tests under mode I and II. Test conditions included room temperature and high temperature of 70 °C and 120 °C, respectively, after moisture saturation. Tension and flexural tests also were applied on the neat vitrimer resin. The results compared well with those obtained for current aeronautic materials manufactured by Resin Transfer Molding (RTM). The lower values observed in compression and ILSS derived from the thermoplastic veils included as a toughening material. This work demonstrates that the vitrimer formulation presented meets the requirements of current matrices for aeronautic-grade carbon-reinforced composites.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Study into the Mechanical Properties of a New Aeronautic-Grade Epoxy-Based Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Vitrimer

Cárdenas¹,

Gayraud²,

Rodrı́guez³

et al. 2022

Polymers

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“…Meanwhile, a reformable, fire retardant vanillinbased cyclophosphazene (HVP) vitrimer was successfully synthesized by reacting naturally abundant vanillin and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene in the presence of D230 as a curing agent, as displayed in Figure 14a, and eventually applying it in CFRPs. 103 The resulting HVP/D230-CF composite seemed to have significant cross-link density and P/N concentration, confirming the outstanding fire retardant and mechanical properties of the carbon fiber composites (CFRCs). The degradable imine linkages enable nondestructive closed-cycle recovery of CFs and HVP molecules from the composite materials in an acidic medium, which is crucial for maintaining the integrity of pristine CFs and HVP monomers, as shown in Figure 14b.…”

Section: Recyclable and Flame Retardant Thermosets Based On Imine Bondsmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Meanwhile, Liu et al developed a reformable, fire retardancy vanillinbased cyclophosphazene (HVP) vitrimer from naturally abundant vanillin and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene in the presence of D230 as a curing agent and eventually applied it in CFRPs. 103 The regenerated CFRPs performed consistently with virgin CFRPs and could be reused and repaired in a matter of minutes at ambient temperatures. Additionally, the LOI values of the developed composite (HVP/D230-CF) and reference composite (E51/D230-CF) were 34.2% and 21.1%, respectively, and the vertical burning test (UL-94) result of the developed composite was V-0, however, E51/D230-CFs received no rating.…”

Section: Challenges and Opportunitiesmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Meanwhile, a reformable, fire retardant vanillin‐based cyclophosphazene (HVP) vitrimer was successfully synthesized by reacting naturally abundant vanillin and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene in the presence of D230 as a curing agent, as displayed in Figure 14a, and eventually applying it in CFRPs 103 . The resulting HVP/D230‐CF composite seemed to have significant cross‐link density and P/N concentration, confirming the outstanding fire retardant and mechanical properties of the carbon fiber composites (CFRCs).…”

Section: Recyclable Concept Through Dynamic Chemical Bondsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…(a) Synthesis approach of fire retardant vanillin‐based cyclophosphazene (HVP) polyimine vitrimer; (b) process diagram for making HVP/D230‐CF composite and its reprocessability (i), scanning electronic microscope views of the surface (ii) and cross‐section (iii) for HVP/D230‐CF; (c) evaluation of flame retardancy performance: (i) snapshots of the UL‐94 rating for HVP/D230 and E51/D230, scanning electronic microscope images for the outer side of remaining char in HVP/D230 (ii) and E51/D230 (iii) 103 [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]…”

Section: Recyclable Concept Through Dynamic Chemical Bondsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Review on intrinsically recyclable flame retardant thermosets enabled through covalent bonds

Rashid

Liu

Wei

2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Developing thermosets with inherent recyclability and flame retardancy is a great importance from the views of fire safety, resource conservation and environmental protection. Owing to their superior mechanical properties, versatility, outstanding adhesion‐ability, durability, thermal, and solvent stability comparable to conventional thermosets while demonstrating end‐of‐life reuse, recyclable thermosetting materials have gained much interest as an attractive class of sustainable thermosets. The chemical structure of thermosets includes dynamic covalent networks that provide durability and reprocessability. However, these recyclable thermosets possess significant flammability, limiting their application in automobiles, railways, aircraft, buildings, and electronic items. Thus, it is urgent to include them with flame retardants. The goal of this review paper is to give a broad understanding of the study by highlighting and discussing recent advances as well as future prospects for inherently recyclable flame retardant thermosets (RFRs). Moreover, synthesis methods have been highlighted to improve the design of internally recyclable fire retardant thermosets. A distinct emphasis will be given on the inherent RFRs in terms of flame retardancy, recycling property, physical properties, and thermal stability. Finally, we will explore the importance and threats that intrinsically recyclable flame retardant thermosets face in the future.

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Aerogel‐To‐Sol‐To‐Aerogel (ASA) Process for Recycling, Repairing, Reprogramming of High‐Performance Organic Aerogels

Wang,

Eisenreich,

Tomović

2024

Adv Funct Materials

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With rising energy demands and costs, the significance of thermally insulating materials is on a constant upward trajectory. While they offer impressive performance, their sustainability is increasingly becoming an essential design feature. The study thus develops an unprecedented strategy that enables recycling, repairing, and reprogramming of superinsulating polyimine aerogels. The principle at play involves the decomposition of polyimine aerogels into a solution of oligomers through transimination reactions with additional amines. This solution can be utilized to create new aerogels with virtually identical properties to the original ones. This aerogel‐to‐sol‐to‐aerogel (ASA) process is also applicable to mixed waste streams and damaged aerogels. Moreover, this method allows to alter the aerogel properties post‐synthetically through careful selection of amines. Since the ASA process is highly reproducible and selective, omits purification steps, and conserves 100% of the initially embedded chemical resources, it presents an innovative tool for the sustainable management of superinsulating aerogels.

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Fully recyclable, flame-retardant and high-performance carbon fiber composites based on vanillin-terminated cyclophosphazene polyimine thermosets

Cited by 85 publications

References 49 publications

Study into the Mechanical Properties of a New Aeronautic-Grade Epoxy-Based Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Vitrimer

Study into the Mechanical Properties of a New Aeronautic-Grade Epoxy-Based Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Vitrimer

Review on intrinsically recyclable flame retardant thermosets enabled through covalent bonds

Aerogel‐To‐Sol‐To‐Aerogel (ASA) Process for Recycling, Repairing, Reprogramming of High‐Performance Organic Aerogels

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