Fully Printed Electrodes on Stretchable Textiles for Long‐Term Electrophysiology

Bihar, Eloïse; Roberts, Timothée; Ismailova, Esma; Saadaoui, Mohamed; Işık, Mehmet; Sanchez‐Sanchez, Ana; Mecerreyes, David; Hervé, Thierry; Graaf, Jozina B. De; Malliaras, George G.

doi:10.1002/admt.201600251

Cited by 90 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The conductivity of polymers relies on the delocalization of electrons and the doping process along π‐bonded conjugated backbone, which allows them to be both electronic and ionic conductor. Their high transconductance facilitates biosignal transduction from the cell to the recording electrode . PPy NWs/PPy film electrode shows a lower impedance than bare Au or PPy/Au electrode, high stretchability (≈100%), and high interfacial adhesion (1.9 MPa) (Figure f) .…”

Section: Stretchable and Conformal Sensors For Cyber Biophysical Intementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The polymeric microelectrode arrays are successfully applied in differentiating a normal rat from epileptic rat by in vivo recording electrocorticograph (ECoG) signals and stimulating the rat ischiadic nerve . Besides, polyaniline, polythiophene derivatives such as PEDOT:PSS are also well‐established for electreophysiological signals. One more thing to be considered is the toxic residual monomers or oligomer and stability of electroactive polymers which might be adverse for constructing biocompatible interfaces …”

Section: Stretchable and Conformal Sensors For Cyber Biophysical Intementioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyber–Physiochemical Interfaces

et al. 2020

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Living things rely on various physical, chemical, and biological interfaces, e.g., somatosensation, olfactory/gustatory perception, and nervous system response. They help organisms to perceive the world, adapt to their surroundings, and maintain internal and external balance. Interfacial information exchanges are complicated but efficient, delicate but precise, and multimodal but unisonous, which has driven researchers to study the science of such interfaces and develop techniques with potential applications in health monitoring, smart robotics, future wearable devices, and cyber physical/human systems. To understand better the issues in these interfaces, a cyber–physiochemical interface (CPI) that is capable of extracting biophysical and biochemical signals, and closely relating them to electronic, communication, and computing technology, to provide the core for aforementioned applications, is proposed. The scientific and technical progress in CPI is summarized, and the challenges to and strategies for building stable interfaces, including materials, sensor development, system integration, and data processing techniques are discussed. It is hoped that this will result in an unprecedented multi‐disciplinary network of scientific collaboration in CPI to explore much uncharted territory for progress, providing technical inspiration—to the development of the next‐generation personal healthcare technology, smart sports‐technology, adaptive prosthetics and augmentation of human capability, etc.

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Section: Stretchable and Conformal Sensors For Cyber Biophysical Intementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stretchable and Conformal Sensors For Cyber Biophysical Intementioning

confidence: 99%

Cyber–Physiochemical Interfaces

et al. 2020

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“…In fact, many studies have examined flexible and stretchable sensors to monitor health data [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] such as skin temperature, [9][10][11] electrocardiogram (ECG), [12][13][14][15][16][17] chemical contents in the body through sweat, [18][19][20][21][22][23] and activity. [24,25] These demonstrations are steps toward future wearable multifunctional flexible electronic devices by further developing into a system with improved reliability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Skin Temperature Sensor and Stable Gel‐Less Sticky ECG Sensor for a Wearable Flexible Healthcare Patch

Yamamoto

Takada

et al. 2017

Adv Healthcare Materials

242

190

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Because a wearable device comprised of a flexible film should be comfortable to wear over the skin, several reports have focused on the film thickness to prepare ultrathin films that are a few micrometers or nanometers thick. [26,27] Thinning a film to this scale should realize a film capable of covering the skin asperity conformally, resulting in a good comfort while wearing and a relatively strong adhesion on skin without glue. However, ultrathin films can be difficult to handle and attach to skin. Additionally, assembling other components such as a signal processing circuit and battery without sacrificing the advantage of thickness remains challenging. Thus, many reports still employ both ultrathin film flexible devices and relatively thick films (several hundred micrometers). [1,[4][5][6][7]9,12,16,18,19,22,28] However, the effect of film thickness on sensing has yet to be discussed, although a systematical study is important to realize precise health data recordings. In addition to the wearability and film thickness depedences, biocompatibility of the sensor and film materials is another important parameter to consider for the practical application as a wearable device.In this study, we explore the dependence of the temperature change, which is measured by a printed temperature sensor fabricated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET), on thickness. A thick film was selected due to handling ease and ability to integrate other components in the future. However, some sensors such as an ECG sensor must attach onto skin with good adhesion without sacrificing conductivity, and a relatively thick flexible film itself cannot attach to skin without an adhesion layer. To create good adhesion between an ECG sensor and skin without losing conductivity, a high adhesive conductive polymer onto skin is also developed. Although gel-based electrodes are often used in medical applications, gel-based electrodes are unsuited for long-time measurements due to skin irritation. [15] Thus, we developed a gel-less sticky electrode using biocompatible materials by characterizing the adhesion, impedance between skin and the ECG sensor, and repeatability for use. Finally, as a proofof-concept demonstration, simultaneous efficient skin temperature and ECG signal recordings were conducted using a conductive polymer with an optimized film thickness. Figure 1a describes an integrated device image with a temperature sensor, an ECG sensor, an equivalent circuit between Wearable, flexible healthcare devices, which can monitor health data to predict and diagnose disease in advance, benefit society. Toward this future, various flexible and stretchable sensors as well as other components are demonstrated by arranging materials, structures, and processes. Although there are many sensor demonstrations, the fundamental characteristics such as the dependence of a temperature sensor on film thickness and the impact of adhesive for an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor are yet to be explored in detail. In this study, the effect of film thickness for skin te...

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“…Conventional electrodes are wet electrodes that include gels to improve adhesion onto the skin and resist external environmental factors; however, with time, dehydration of the gel causes decreasing signal quality, increasing signal noise, and skin irritation. Extensive research is attempting to solve these issues [2,4,6,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanofiber-Based Wearable Patches for Bio-Potential Monitoring

et al. 2019

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Purpose We fabricated a wearable patch including a novel patch-type flexible dry electrode based on carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and biocompatible PDMS (MED-6215) for long-term bio-potential monitoring. Methods The patch comprises dry electrode parts for recording bio signals and sticky parts for skin mounting. To evaluate electrical characteristics and electrocardiograph (ECG) recording, the CNF concentrations and dry electrode thickness were varied. The electromechanical properties of the dry electrode were tested under cyclic load conditions. Cytotoxicity tests and long-term wearing tests were conducted to prove biocompatibility. Results The fabricated wearable patch is flexible, stretchable, easily skin mountable, and directly connectable with the measuring system. CNF concentrations is the most important variable compared with diameter, thickness for obtaining high-quality ECG signals. The electromechanical tests revealed excellent recovery performances in resistivity and durability. Cytotoxicity tests showed no effects on cells and long-term wearing tests showed no skin reactions. Conclusions The fabricated patch can be utilized for long-term bio-potential monitoring such as electromyography and electroencephalograms. The proposed dry electrode has flexibility, conductivity, and biocompatibility and is widely applicable to wearable sensors.

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Fully Printed Electrodes on Stretchable Textiles for Long‐Term Electrophysiology

Cited by 90 publications

References 15 publications

Cyber–Physiochemical Interfaces

Cyber–Physiochemical Interfaces

Efficient Skin Temperature Sensor and Stable Gel‐Less Sticky ECG Sensor for a Wearable Flexible Healthcare Patch

Carbon Nanofiber-Based Wearable Patches for Bio-Potential Monitoring

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