“…In terms of modeling the moving free-surface, several methods have been successfully incorporated into the NHMs. In general, there are (i) marker and cell method [34,35], (ii) volume of fluid method [36,37], (iii) arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method [38,39], (iv) level-set method [40,41], and (v) surface height method [42]. All these methods except for the last one is capable of tracking/capturing complicated free surfaces such as overturning/breaking waves but requires a relatively high computational expense.…”