Fully Inkjet‐Printed, Ultrathin and Conformable Organic Photovoltaics as Power Source Based on Cross‐Linked PEDOT:PSS Electrodes

Bihar, Eloïse; Corzo, Daniel; Hidalgo, Tania; Villalva, Diego Rosas; Salama, Khaled N.; Inal, Sahika; Baran, Derya

doi:10.1002/admt.202000226

Cited by 63 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…[ 10,12,21 ] In particular, IJP of NFA‐based photoactive layers using non‐halogenated solvent mixture based on o‐xylene and tetralin resulted in solar cells with the low PCEs of 4.46% [ 22 ] compared with 6.67% obtained for halogenated solvents. [ 22,23 ] The performance losses may be addressed to the low solubility of the NFA in o‐xylene inducing poor blend morphology. To further boost the performance of solar cells processed by IJP using non‐halogenated solvent to higher level, it is now essential to understand more, in detail, the impact of IJP on the layer formation and nanoscale morphology of blend compared with SC and to improve blend morphology by selecting suitable NFA materials and non‐chlorinated solvent mixture combinations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Efficiency Digital Inkjet‐Printed Non‐Fullerene Polymer Blends Using Non‐Halogenated Solvents

Perkhun

Köntges

Pourcin³

et al. 2021

Adv Energy and Sustain Res

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Inkjet printing (IJP) of polymer solar cells is ideal for small‐area off‐grid electronics with low power consumption. However, IJP is quite a complex technique compared with techniques such as spin coating or doctor blading. The IJP of polymer blends is reported based on ITIC derivatives as non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) using non‐halogenated solvents. The results show that fluorination of NFA is essential to form highly stable inks in o‐xylene, because ITIC has significantly insufficient solubility compared with ITIC‐4F. The importance of tetralin as a multifunctional co‐solvent for printing highly efficient PM6:ITIC‐4F blends is demonstrated, as even at very low concentrations, tetralin not only improves ink jettability and open nozzle time, but also improves drying behavior of the blend layer, resulting in blends with homogeneous micro‐ and nanoscale morphology. The resulting solar cells using inkjet‐printed polymer blends show a maximum efficiency of 10.1%. Moreover, IJP produces significant changes in the nanoscale and microscale morphology. In particular, the formation of a thin PM6 capping layer on the blend surface along with improved phase separation and crystallinity in both the donor and acceptor greatly reduces the recombination of charge carriers in thick blends, making inkjet‐printed photoactive films very promising for industrial applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Efficiency Digital Inkjet‐Printed Non‐Fullerene Polymer Blends Using Non‐Halogenated Solvents

Perkhun

Köntges

Pourcin³

et al. 2021

Adv Energy and Sustain Res

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“…Inkjet printing has been proposed for the high throughput fabrication of highly efficient solar cells as it allows the noncontact deposition of the photoactive ink directly onto desired substrates with full control over the pattern with reduced material consumption. [ 18–22 ] A complete transition from the laboratory requires the adaptation of not just the highly‐efficient photoactive materials to these printing methods, but of all the supporting layers in the solar cell device architecture in order to replace difficult‐to‐scale vacuum deposition techniques such as thermal evaporation. [ 12 ] Since the successful demonstration of all inkjet‐printed solar cells with a PCE of 4.1% by Eggenhuisen et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ink Engineering of Transport Layers for 9.5% Efficient All‐Printed Semitransparent Nonfullerene Solar Cells

Corzo

Bihar

Alexandre

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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New polymer donors and nonfullerene acceptors have elevated the performance and stability of solar cells to higher grounds. To achieve their full potential, they require their adaptation to scalable and cost‐effective solution manufacturing techniques for large area deposition. Likewise, formulating scalable solution‐based transport layer inks that are compatible with the photoactive layer is imperative. This manuscript reports the full integration of solution‐based transport layers and electrode alongside a PTB7‐Th:IEICO‐4F bulk heterojunction in inverted architecture through inkjet‐printing, resulting in power conversion efficiencies up to 12.4% opaque devices and 9.5% semitransparent devices with average visible transmittance values of 50.1%, including hole transport layer. The wetting envelope of the highly‐hydrophobic photoactive layer alongside the surface energy of candidate solutions and solvents allows the formulation of thick transport layer inks that are compatible with the drop‐on‐demand inkjet‐printing process and yield uniform and homogenous films. Moreover, the surface energy components of the donor and acceptor serves as a fingerprint to assess the vertical stratification of the photoactive layer with the inclusion of different solvents. This methodology addresses a scale‐up bottleneck of solution‐based transport layers for high‐efficiency organic cells, enabling its adaptation to high‐throughput techniques including slot‐die and roll‐to‐roll coating.

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“…Inorganic, organic and perovskite solar cells have been fabricated on polymer substrates including polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate which have high transmittance (>85%), low permeability to water, and can bend up to 1°mm radius (Elli, 1986;Zardetto et al, 2011;Kaltenbrunner et al, 2012;Kaltenbrunner et al, 2015;Poorkazem et al, 2015;Cui et al, 2019). Polyimide has been utilized for higher processing temperatures (up to 350°C) (Znajdek et al, 2016;Koo et al, 2020), parylene substrates are used for conformability in biological media and ultralight applications (Park et al, 2018;Bihar et al, 2020), and elastic materials like polydimethylsiloxane have permitted stretchable solar cells (Lipomi et al, 2011;Kaltenbrunner et al, 2012).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inkjet printing is a digital fabrication process that is characterized by its ease of customization and reduced waste of materials. It has been used extensively to prototype designs and inks for flexible electronics including organic and perovskite solar cells (Mathies et al, 2018;Corzo et al, 2019;Bihar et al, 2020), PEDOT:PSS based supercapacitors Manjakkal et al, 2020), gas sensing elements based on ZnO (Beduk et al, 2020b), a variety of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), as well as a paper-based disposable glucose sensor (Bihar et al, 2018). This process builds up patterns and structures droplet by droplet, due to the high accuracy, reproducibility, and control of the volume of each droplet and the deposition area.…”

Section: Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible Electronics: Status, Challenges and Opportunities

2020

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The concept of flexible electronics has been around for several decades. In principle, anything thin or very long can become flexible. While cables and wiring are the prime example for flexibility, it was not until the space race that silicon wafers used for solar cells in satellites were thinned to increase their power per weight ratio, thus allowing a certain degree of warping. This concept permitted the first flexible solar cells in the 1960s (Crabb and Treble, 1967). The development of conductive polymers (Shirakawa et al., 1977), organic semiconductors, and amorphous silicon (Chittick et al., 1969; Okaniwa et al., 1983) in the following decades meant huge strides toward flexibility and processability, and thus these materials became the base for electronic devices in applications that require bending, rolling, folding, and stretching, among other properties that cannot be fulfilled by conventional electronics (Cheng and Wagner, 2009) (Figure 1). Presently there is great interest in new materials and fabrication techniques which allow for highperformance scalable electronic devices to be manufactured directly onto flexible substrates. This interest has also extended to not only flexibility but also properties like stretchability and healability which can be achieved by utilizing elastomeric substrates with strong molecular interactions (Oh et al., 2016; Kang et al., 2018). Likewise, biocompatibility and biodegradability has been achieved through polymers that do not cause adverse effect to the body and can be broken down into smaller constituent pieces after utilization (Bettinger and Bao, 2010; Irimia-Vladu et al., 2010; Liu H. et al., 2019). This new progress is now enabling devices which can conform to complex and dynamic surfaces, such as those found in biological systems and bioinspired soft robotics. These next-generation flexible electronics open up a wide range of exciting new applications such as flexible lighting and display technologies for consumer electronics, architecture, and textiles, wearables with sensors that help monitor our health and habits, implantable electronics for improved medical imaging and diagnostics, as well as extending the functionality of robots and unmanned aircraft through lightweight and conformable energy harvesting devices and sensors. While conventional electronics are very capable of these functions, flexible electronics are intended to expand the mechanical features to adhere to novel form factors through hybrid strategies, or as standalone solutions where the application does not require high computation power, intended to be highly robust to deformation, low cost, thin, or disposable. The definition of flexibility differs from application to application. From bending and rolling for easier handling of large area photovoltaics, to conforming onto irregular shapes, folding, twisting, stretching, and deforming required for devices in electronic skin, all while maintaining device performance and reliability. While early progress and many important innovations have alre...

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Fully Inkjet‐Printed, Ultrathin and Conformable Organic Photovoltaics as Power Source Based on Cross‐Linked PEDOT:PSS Electrodes

Cited by 63 publications

References 34 publications

High‐Efficiency Digital Inkjet‐Printed Non‐Fullerene Polymer Blends Using Non‐Halogenated Solvents

High‐Efficiency Digital Inkjet‐Printed Non‐Fullerene Polymer Blends Using Non‐Halogenated Solvents

Ink Engineering of Transport Layers for 9.5% Efficient All‐Printed Semitransparent Nonfullerene Solar Cells

Flexible Electronics: Status, Challenges and Opportunities

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