Fully Enclosed Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices

Schilling, Kevin; Lepore, Anna L.; Kurian, Jason A.; Martinez, Andres W.

doi:10.1021/ac202837s

Cited by 196 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Lamination strategies for paper-based devices include the use of printer toner 16 , tape 17 and lamination with plastic sheets 18,19 . Dissolvable sugar barriers have been implemented to create fl uid delays 20,21 and to create timed shutoff valves 22 .…”

Section: Narrative Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 2b and Supplementary Movie 2 show the eff ect of changing A abs while maintaining W/L = 0.10 (Q on = 0.8 μL/min). Th ese batteries were designed to absorb diff erent volumes (8,16,24, and 32 μL) and were expected to pump for diff erent times (9.8, 20.1, 30.8, and 41.2 min); measured T on values were 11.2, 25.0, 30.0 and 44.2 minutes, respectively. A 455w0.8 battery pumped fl uid for 676 min (>11 hours) at 0.8 μl/min; such a design could be useful for extended pumping applications such microfl uidic cell culture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modular pumps as programmable hydraulic batteries for microfluidic devices

et al. 2017

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Simple fl uid pumps have been developed to improve microfl uidic device portability, but they cannot be easily programmed, produce repeatable pumping performance, or generate complex fl ow profi les -key requirements for increasing the functionality of portable microdevices. We present a detachable, paper-based, "hydraulic battery" that can be connected to the outlet of a microfl uidic channel to pump fl uid at varying fl ow rates over time, including step changes, ramping fl ows, and oscillating fl ows.Keywords: Paper Microfl uidics; Capillary Pump; Microfl uidic; Lateral Flow; Microfl uidic Pump; Point of Care. INNOVATIONTh e hydraulic battery demonstrated here is a novel, paper-based pump that uses paper geometry to achieve preprogrammed fl ow rates and durations. Pumps are designed by choosing the dimensions of the resistive neck and absorption region, which control the pumping fl ow rate and volume, respectively. Lamination encapsulates the paper and minimizes the evaporation that plagues other paper microfl uidics, improving pumping reproducibility. Th e pumps are fabricated using a simple, scaleable procedure: here, chromatography paper is laminated and then cut to the desired shape with a laser cutter, although a variety of porous materials can be used. Multiple pumps can be stacked with or without dissolvable delays to create complex fl ow profi les. Using hydraulic batteries, users can generate varying fl ow rate profi les in microfl uidic devices, including both increasing and decreasing step changes, ramping fl ow, and oscillating fl ow. NARRATIVE IntroductionFluid transport in microfl uidic devices is usually controlled by pumps that require external power and cumbersome fl uidic connections, limiting the portability of the system 1 . On-chip pumps exist, but achieving a desired fl ow rate can be an empirical process and the pumps cannot generate complex fl ow behavior [2][3][4][5][6][7] . Capillary pumps have been fabricated via photolithography within microfl uidic devices to pull fl uids through microchannels [8][9][10] , but their integration within the device prevents exchanging or replacing the pumps. To lower the cost and fabrication time of capillary pumps, several groups have used paper connected to the distal end of a microfl uidic channel to pull fl uid [11][12][13][14] . Th ese paper pumps use simple geometric shapes to generate a single fl ow rate but they only work on channels with relatively low fl uidic resistances and are built into the analytical test substrate. Wang et al. demonstrated a clever approach for programming detachable paper-based pumps to pump at progressively slower fl ow rates 15 . However, this strategy cannot be used to create more complex fl ow profi les, such as increasing fl ow rates, oscillating fl ow, or delayed-onset fl ow.Paper devices have been enhanced by improvements such as delays and evaporation barriers, among others. Lamination strategies for paper-based devices include the use of printer toner 16 , tape 17 and lamination with plastic sheets 18,19 . D...

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Section: Narrative Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modular pumps as programmable hydraulic batteries for microfluidic devices

et al. 2017

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“…Flow is driven by capillary action, channels have been defined using wax patterning, ink-jet printing, toner printing and boundary shaping [3][4][5][6], and devices have been fabricated with hollow and closed channels [7,8]. Detection has mainly been carried out using colorimetric assays for off-site analysis via the ubiquitous smartphone [9,10]; however, electrochemical detection has also been investigated [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid evaporation-driven chemical pre-concentration and separation on paper

Syms

2017

Biomicrofluidics

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Airflow-enhanced evaporation is investigated as a method for rapid chemical pre-concentration on a thin porous substrate. The mechanism is described by combining 1D models of capillary rise, chromatography and pervaporation concentration. It is shown that the effective length of the column can be shorter than its actual length, allowing concentrate to be held at a stagnation point and then released for separation, and that the Péclet number, which determines concentration performance, is determined only by the substrate properties. The differential equations are solved dynamically, and it is shown that faster concentration can be achieved during capillary filling.Experiments are carried out using chromatography paper in a ducted airflow and concentration is quantified by optical imaging of water-soluble food dyes. Good agreement with the model is obtained, and concentration factors of ≈ 100 are achieved in 10 mins using Brilliant Blue FCF.Partial separation of Brilliant Blue from Tartrazine is demonstrated immediately following concentration, on a single un-patterned substrate. The mechanism may provide a method for improving the sensitivity of lab-on-paper devices.

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“…In addition to the loss of the fluid (an expensive reagent or valuable sample present in small volumes for example) this unwanted flow can also lead to cross-contamination which in turn may produce a false result or failed test. 24 On the other hand, as paper is normally very fragile and more so especially after getting wet, a backing support to provide mechanical strength would normally be desirable. For the case of nitrocellulose (NC) membrane-based devices, the support to the membrane can be provided by an impermeable polyester layer.…”

Section: Single-sided Polymerisation -For Backing a Paper-based Devicementioning

confidence: 99%

Laser direct-write for fabrication of three-dimensional paper-based devices

Katis

Eason

et al. 2016

Lab Chip

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We report the use of a laser-based direct-write (LDW) technique that allows the design and fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) structures within a paper substrate that enables implementation of multi-step analytical assays via a 3D protocol. The technique is based on laser-induced photo-polymerisation, and through adjustment of the laser writing parameters such as the laser power and scan speed we can control the depths of hydrophobic barriers that are formed within a substrate which, when carefully designed and integrated, produce 3D flow paths. So far, we have successfully used this depth-variable patterning protocol for stacking and sealing of multi-layer substrates, for assembly of backing layers for two-dimensional (2D) lateral flow devices and finally for fabrication of 3D devices. Since the 3D flow paths can also be formed via a single laser-writing process by controlling the patterning parameters, this is a distinct improvement over other methods that require multiple complicated and repetitive assembly procedures. This technique is therefore suitable for cheap, rapid and large-scale fabrication of 3D paper-based microfluidic devices.

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Fully Enclosed Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices

Cited by 196 publications

References 20 publications

Modular pumps as programmable hydraulic batteries for microfluidic devices

Modular pumps as programmable hydraulic batteries for microfluidic devices

Rapid evaporation-driven chemical pre-concentration and separation on paper

Laser direct-write for fabrication of three-dimensional paper-based devices

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