Fully electric city buses - The viable option

Pihlatie, Mikko; Kukkonen, Samu; Halmeaho, Teemu; Karvonen, Veikko; Nylund, Nils-Olof

doi:10.1109/ievc.2014.7056145

Cited by 49 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The residual indicates that there were some factors left unconsidered. Pihlatie et al [1] noted that 6% and 12% of the BEB consumption is caused by aerodynamic drag and the use of mechanical brakes, respectively. In our previous study, we found that up to 18% of the ECR variation of BEBs is caused by rolling resistance variation and 13% by payload variation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Battery electric buses (BEBs) have recently emerged as an environmentally friendly, yet expensive alternative for diesel buses [1]. In addition to the high initial investment, the life cycle costs (LCC) depend on the selected charging strategy (e.g., overnight vs. opportunity charging) and the selected battery capacity that is defined by the charging strategy [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Uncertainty Analysis of Electric Buses

et al. 2018

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Uncertainty in operation factors, such as the weather and driving behavior, makes it difficult to accurately predict the energy consumption of electric buses. As the consumption varies, the dimensioning of the battery capacity and charging systems is challenging and requires a dedicated decision-making process. To investigate the impact of uncertainty, six electric buses were measured in three routes with an Internet of Things (IoT) system from February 2016 to December 2017 in southern Finland in real operation conditions. The measurement results were thoroughly analyzed and the operation factors that caused variation in the energy consumption and internal resistance of the battery were studied in detail. The average energy consumption was 0.78 kWh/km and the consumption varied by more than 1 kWh/km between trips. Furthermore, consumption was 15% lower on a suburban route than on city routes. The energy consumption was mostly influenced by the ambient temperature, driving behavior, and route characteristics. The internal resistance varied mainly as a result of changes in the battery temperature and charging current. The energy consumption was predicted with above 75% accuracy with a linear model. The operation factors were correlated and a novel second-order normalization method was introduced to improve the interpretation of the results. The presented models and analyses can be integrated to powertrain and charging system design, as well as schedule planning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Uncertainty Analysis of Electric Buses

et al. 2018

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“…The calculated TCO of the diesel bus is 1.44 €/km, including environmental costs 0.05 €/km. It should be noted that in some studies, in which the comparison of the buses is performed [11], labour costs, insurance costs and vehicle tax are not included in the TCO calculation, whereas in this study all costs related to owning, operation and maintenance of the bus are considered in the TCO. For the diesel bus, investment costs form 28% of total TCO.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of critical variables on economic viability of converted diesel city bus into electric bus

Malnaca

Yatskiv

2018

EasyChair Preprints

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A European Strategy for low-emission mobility of 2016 states that Europe needs to accelerate the transition towards low- and zero-emission vehicles like some plug-in hybrids, full electric cars and fuel cell (i.e. hydrogen-powered) vehicles. Transition to a low-carbon economy is supported in all EU countries including Latvia. Through the Strategy, the European Commission is working to strengthen the economy by promoting sustainable urban mobility and increased use of clean and energy efficient vehicles and looking into how to accelerate this process. Cities are crucial for the delivery of this strategy, and electrification of buses is a step towards reducing the fossil fuel dependency of the transportation sector as well as creation of a healthier urban environment. At the same time electric buses are still a challenge for public transport operators due to high aquisition costs of a new vehicle and lack of charging infrastructure. Therefore conversion of diesel city bus into electric bus is one of the alternatives considered. The development of local economy along with the technological opportunities are important factors to be considered in the decision making regarding the use of electric bus in a city. Economic viability of converted diesel city bus into electric bus can be parameterized using an economic model that allows to estimate an impact of critical variables on the total cost of ownership. In this paper, a specific case of operating converted diesel bus into electric bus in a city of Latvia is analyzed. With the help of economic model critical variables are determined as well as their switching values, which make the use of converted diesel engine bus into an electric vehicle economically viable. The results of economic analysis are in favour of converted electric bus which apart from lower O&M costs provide additional benefits to the environment.

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“…Thus, plug-in and battery-swapping e-buses are more suitable for suburban routes [30]. In summary, to neutralize the environmental impact of public transportation, replacing a conventional bus system with an e-bus transportation system would minimize the required number of ebuses and charging stations and the level of battery capacity, thereby streamlining the use of e-buses and decreasing the overall cost of the replacement [28,[30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%